DPT HEC Curriculum

DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL THERAPY (DPT)

DPT SEMESTER 1ST

ANATOMY – I

Credit Hours: 4 (3–1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The focus of this course is an in-depth study and analysis of the general and regional organization of the human body. Emphasis is placed upon structure and function of human movement. A comprehensive study of human anatomy, histology, and embryology, with emphasis on the nervous, musculoskeletal, and circulatory systems is incorporated. Introduction to general anatomy lays the foundation of the course. Dissection and identification of structures in the cadaver supplemented with the study of charts, models, prosected materials and radiographs are utilized to identify anatomical landmarks and configurations of the upper limb.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

1. Identify major anatomical structures of upper extremity through spotting/virtual dissection and cadaver lab work.
2. Demonstrate understanding of regional anatomy focusing on the upper extremity.
3. Describe the structure, composition, and functions of major organ systems.
4. Describe basic concepts of human embryology and histology.

COURSE CONTENTS General Anatomy and Functional Anatomy

• Terms related to position and movements
• The skin and subcutaneous tissues
• Layers of skin
• Integuments of skin
• Glands associated with hair follicle
• Microscopic picture of skin

Bones and Cartilages

• Osteology
• Functions of Bones
• Classification of bones
• Parts of developing long bones
• Blood supply of bones
• Lymphatic vessels & nerve supply
• Rule of direction of nutrient foramen
• Gross structure of long bone
• Surface marking
• Cartilage
• Development of bone and cartilage
• Microscopic picture of cartilage and bone

The Muscle

• Introduction
• Classification
• Histological Classification
• Functions of muscles in general
• Type of skeletal muscles
• Parts of skeletal muscle and their action
• Nomenclature
• Microscopic picture of muscle

Structures Related to Muscles & Bones

• Tendons
• Aponeurosis
• Fasciae
• Synovial bursae
• Tendon Synovial sheaths
• Raphaes
• Ligaments
• Condyle
• Epicondyle
• Ridge
• Tuberosity
• Tubercle
• Foramen
• Canal
• Groove
• Process
• Spur

The Joints

• Introduction
• Functional classification
• Structural classification
• Structures comprising a Synovial joint
• Movements of joints
• Blood supply of Synovial joints, their nerve supply and lymphatic drainage
• Factors responsible for joint stability
• Development of joints

Cardiovascular System

• Definition
• Division of circulatory system into pulmonary & systemic
• Classification of blood vessels and their microscopic picture
• Heart and its histology
• Function of the Heart
• Anastomosis

Nervous System

• Definition
• Outline of cellular architecture
• Classification of nervous system
• Parts of the central nervous system
• Microscopic picture of cerebrum, cerebellum, spinal cord
• Functional components of nerve
• Typical spinal nerve
• Microscopic picture of nerve
• Introduction of autonomic nervous system
• Anatomy of neuromuscular junction

General Histology

• Cell
• Epithelium
• Connective tissue
• Bone
• Muscle tissue
• Nerve tissues
• Blood vessels
• Skin and appendages
• Lymphatic organs

General Embryology

• Male and female reproductive organs
• Cell division and Gametogenesis
• Fertilization, cleavage, blastocyte formation and implantation of the embryo. Stages of early embryonic development in second and third week of intrauterine life
• Foetal membrane (amniotic cavity, yolk sac, allantois, umbilical cord and Placenta)
• Developmental defects

Upper Limb Osteology

• Detailed description of all bones of upper limb and shoulder girdle along their musculature and ligamentous attachments

Myology

• Muscles connecting upper limb to the axial skeletal
• Muscles around shoulder joint
• Walls and contents of axilla
• Muscles in brachial region
• Muscles of forearm
• Muscles of hand
• Retinacula
• Palmar apouenrosis
• Flexor tendon dorsal digital expansion

Neurology

• Course, distribution and functions of all nerves of upper limb
• Brachial plexus

Angiology (Circulation)

• Course and distribution of all arteries and veins of upper limb
• Lymphatic drainage of the upper limb
• Axillary lymph node
• Cubital fossa

Arthrology

• Acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints
• Shoulder joint
• Elbow joint
• Wrist joint
• Radioulnar joints
• Inter carpal joints
• Joints MCP and IP
• Surface anatomy of upper limb
• Surface marking of upper limb

Demonstration

• Shoulder joint, attached muscles and articulating surfaces
• Elbow joint
• Wrist joint
• Radioulnar joint
• MCP and IP joints
• Acromioclavicular joint
• Sternoclavicular joint
• Brachial plexus
• Blood supply of brain
• Structure of bones

• Lab Work
• During study of this course, emphasis should be given on applied aspects, practical histology, radiological anatomy, surface anatomy and cross-sectional anatomy of the region covered in the respective semester/year.

• Note
• The students are expected to make a practical notebook. The book is a collection of evidence that learning has taken place. It is a reflective record of their achievements. The practical notebook shall contain a record of the surface landmarks and cross-sectional views of parts which student would have observed.

Recommended Books

1. Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standing 41st Ed., Elsevier
2. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students by Richard S. Snell
3. Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore
4. General Anatomy by Prof. Ghulam Ahmad, latest Ed.
5. Clinical Anatomy by R. J. Last, Latest Ed.

PHYSIOLOGY – I

Credit Hours: 3 (2–1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The course is designed to study the function of the human body at the cellular, tissue, and systems levels. It will help students understand the complexities of cells, tissues, major organs, and systems of the human body. The focus will be on the basic mechanisms underlying human life processes and the important diseases that affect normal human function.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Describe the cellular and molecular basis of physiological processes.

b) Explain the physiological mechanisms regulating fluid and electrolyte balance in the body.

c) Analyze the physiological responses to exercise and physical stress.

d) Perform basic physiological measurements in laboratory settings.

e) Evaluate the role of the nervous system in regulating organ function.

COURSE CONTENTS

Cell Physiology

• Functional organization of the human body
• Homeostasis
• Control systems in the body
• Cell membrane and its functions
• Cell organelles and their functions
• Genes: control and function

Nerve and Muscle

• Structure and function of neuron
• Physiological properties of nerve fibers
• Action potential
• Conduction of nerve impulse
• Nerve degeneration and regeneration
• Synapses
• Physiological structure of muscle
• Skeletal muscle contraction
• Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle contraction
• Neuromuscular junction and transmission
• Excitation–contraction coupling
• Structure and function of motor unit

Blood

• Composition and general functions of blood
• Plasma proteins: production and function
• Erythropoiesis and red blood cell function
• Structure, function, production, and types of hemoglobin
• Iron absorption, storage, and metabolism
• Blood indices
• Function, production, and types of white blood cells
• Function and production of platelets
• Clotting mechanism of blood
• Blood groups and their role in blood transfusion
• Complications of blood transfusion with reference to ABO & Rh incompatibility
• Components of reticuloendothelial systems: gross and microscopic structure (tonsil, lymph node, spleen)
• Development and function of reticuloendothelial system

Laboratory Work

• Use of the microscope
• Determination of hemoglobin
• Determination of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
• Determination of packed cell volume (PCV)
• Measuring bleeding and clotting time
• RBC count
• Red cell indices
• WBC count
• Leukocyte count
• Prothrombin and thrombin time
• Blood indices in various disorders
• Clotting disorders
• Blood grouping and cross-matching

• Note:
• Students are expected to maintain a practical notebook. This serves as a collection of evidence that learning has taken place and as a reflective record of their achievements.

Recommended Books

1. Textbook of Physiology – Guyton & Hall, 12th Ed.
2. Review of Medical Physiology – William F. Ganong, 23rd Ed.
3. Physiology – Berne & Levy, 6th Ed.
4. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine – Gillian Pocock & Christopher D. Richards, 4th Ed.
5. Physiological Basis of Medical Practice – John B. West & Taylor, 12th Ed.

KINESIOLOGY-I

Credit Hours: 3 (2–1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course covers the principles of mechanics and anatomy in relation to human movement, enabling students to apply kinesiological evaluation and treatment of muscular imbalance or derangements in their clinical practice. It includes evaluation of muscular function and group movements of muscles in relation to the force of gravity and manual resistance. By understanding basic mechanical and physiological mechanisms, students will become confident and competent in using exercises to promote physical rehabilitation.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Identify skeletal muscles and their actions in movement.

b) Explain fundamental and derived positions and demonstrate surface anatomy for muscle identification.

c) Analyze joint mechanics and movement patterns in functional activities.

d) Perform manual muscle testing and goniometry of upper quadrant.

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction to Kinesiology

• Definition of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
• Definition of Kinesiology

Mechanics

• Mechanical Principles and Mechanics of Position
• Force – Force system – Description of units
• Gravity: Center of gravity and line of gravity
• Level of gravity
• Equilibrium
• Fixation and Stabilization
• Mechanics of Movement
• Axes / Planes
• Speed
• Velocity
• Acceleration
• Momentum
• Inertia
• Friction
• Lever – types – application in human body
• Pulley – types – application in human body
• Angle of Pull

Introduction to Movement

• Types of movement and posture
• Patterns of movement
• Timing in movement
• Rhythm of movement
• Nervous control of movement

Starting Positions

• Definition
• Fundamental positions
• Standing
• Kneeling
• Sitting
• Lying
• Hanging
• The Pelvic Tilt

Posture

• Inactive Postures
• Active Postures
• Postural Mechanism
• Pattern of Posture
• Principles of Re-education
• Techniques of Re-education
• Prevention of Muscle Wasting
• Initiation of Muscular Contraction
• Abnormal Postures

Muscle Strength and Muscle Action

• Types of Muscle Contraction
• Muscle Tone
• Physiological Application to Postural Tone
• Group Action of Muscles
• Overview of Muscle Structure
• Types of Muscle Work
• Range of Muscle Work
• Two-Joint Muscle Work
• Active and Passive Insufficiency
• Group Movement of Joints
• Muscular Weakness and Paralysis

Lab Work

• Fundamentals of Muscle Testing
• Methods of Muscle Recording
• Basic Muscle Grading System
• Evaluation of Posture
• Regional Upper Limb Muscle Testing
• Practical Demonstrations of Muscle Work and Its Ranges
• Demonstrations of Fundamental Positions and Posture Analysis

• Note:
• Students are required to maintain a practical notebook. This will serve as evidence of learning, skill development, and achievements.

Recommended Books

1. Hollis, M. Practical Exercise Therapy (3rd Ed., Blackwell Scientific).
2. Houglum, P.A., & Bertoti, D.B. Brunnstrom’s Clinical Kinesiology (6th Ed.).
3. Lippert, L.S. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy (5th Ed.).
4. Jonas, K., & Baker, K. Human Movement Explained.
5. Gardiner, M.D. The Principles of Exercise Therapy (4th Ed.).

ENGLISH – I (Functional English)

Credit Hours: 3 (3–0)

Course Learning Outcomes

• Enhance language skills and develop critical thinking.
• Improve communication abilities in speaking, listening, reading, and writing.
• Strengthen grammar, vocabulary, and translation skills for academic and professional use.

Course Contents

Grammar & Structure

• Basics of grammar
• Parts of speech and use of articles
• Sentence structure, active and passive voice⁸
• Practice in unified sentences
• Analysis of phrase, clause, and sentence structure
• Transitive and intransitive verbs
• Punctuation and spelling

Comprehension

• Answering questions on a given text

Discussion

• General topics and everyday conversation (topics selected by teacher according to students’ level)

Listening

• Improved through documentaries/films carefully selected by teachers

Translation Skills

• Urdu to English paragraph writing
• Presentation skills (introduction, delivery, confidence)

Note

• Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building.

Recommended Books

Grammar

1. Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson & A. V. Martinet (Exercises 1 & 2), Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0194313492 / 0194313506

• Writing
• 2. Writing: Intermediate by Marie-Christine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand & Francoise Grellet, Oxford Supplementary Skills, 1993. ISBN 0194354057 (pp. 20–27, 35–41)

• Reading/Comprehension
• 3. Reading: Upper Intermediate by Brian Tomlinson & Rod Ellis, Oxford Supplementary Skills, 1992. ISBN 0194534022

• Speaking
• (Teacher-recommended resources)

Physical Sciences

Credit Hours: 3 (2-1)

Course Description:

This course provides students with fundamental knowledge of Physical sciences, including physics, chemistry, biology, and environmental sciences. Emphasis is placed on applying Physical science principles to healthcare, physiotherapy, and understanding the human body in its Physical environment.

Course Content / Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to Physical Sciences

• Definition, scope, and importance.
• Branches of Physical sciences.
• Role of Physical Sciences in health and rehabilitation.

Unit 2: Basic Physics Concepts

• Matter, mass, energy, and their properties.
• Force, work, power, motion, and equilibrium.
• Heat, sound, and light in relation to human body and medical equipment.
• Basics of electricity and magnetism (foundation for electrotherapy).

Unit 3: Basic Chemistry Concepts

• Structure of atoms, elements, and compounds.
• Chemical bonding, reactions, and solutions.
• Acids, bases, and buffers in biological systems.
• Importance of organic molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

Unit 4: Introduction to Biology

• Cell structure and function.
• Genetics and inheritance basics.
• Human tissues and organ systems overview.
• Microorganisms and their role in health and disease.

Unit 5: Environmental Science

• Physical resources and ecosystems.
• Pollution and its effects on health.
• Climate change and global health.
• Role of physiotherapists in environmental health promotion.

Unit 6: Scientific Method and Application

• Observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and analysis.
• Evidence-based reasoning in Physical sciences.
• Application of Physical Sciences in physiotherapy and healthcare.

Recommended Books:

1. Integrated Principles of Zoology – Hickman et al. (for biology basics)
2. Fundamentals of Physics – Halliday, Resnick & Walker
3. Chemistry: The Central Science – Brown, LeMay, Bursten
4. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future – Richard T. Wright
5. General Science (Intermediate Level Textbooks) – Punjab Textbook Board (simplified for first semester use

Understanding of the Holy Qur’an

Credit Hours: 1 (1-0)

Course Description:

A brief introduction to the Holy Qur’an focusing on its major themes, ethical teachings, and relevance to personal and professional life. Selected Surahs and verses are studied to highlight the Qur’anic guidance in developing moral character, compassion, and responsibility as healthcare professionals.

Course Content Outline

Unit 1: Introduction to the Holy Qur’an

Revelation, preservation, and significance of the Qur’an.

Makki and Madani Surahs (basic difference).

Unit 2: Core Beliefs in the Qur’an

Tauheed (Oneness of Allah).

Risalat (Prophethood).

Akhirah (Life after death).

Unit 3: Ethical & Social Teachings

Honesty, patience, justice, and compassion.

Human dignity and rights of others.

Role of Qur’anic ethics in healthcare.

Unit 4: Selected Surahs / Verses (with translation & reflection)

Surah Al-Fatiha – prayer for guidance.

Surah Al-Ikhlas – purity of faith.

Surah Al-Falaq & Surah An-Nas – protection from harm.

Selected verses on knowledge, health, and service to humanity.

References:

An Introduction to the Holy Qur’an – M. A. Draz

Uloom-ul-Qur’an – Manna Khalil Al-Qattan

The Qur’an: Translation & Commentary – Abdullah Yusuf Ali

Selected Surahs with Commentary – Local Islamic Studies text (HEC recommended)

Ethics law and Professionalism

Credit Hours: 2 (2-0)

Course Description:

This course introduces students to the ethical, legal, and professional responsibilities of a physical therapist. It discusses how ethical principles and laws guide professional conduct, decision-making, accountability, and interactions with patients, colleagues, and the broader healthcare system. It also covers aspects of healthcare administration and comparisons between the health system in Pakistan and systems abroad.

Course Content

1. The Physical Therapist as a Professional

Definitions: profession vs. professional

• Sociological perspective on professions
• Structural and processual approaches to professional roles
• Characteristics of professions in literature
• Autonomy, self-regulation, ethical standards, and accountability
• Privileges of autonomous practice in modern healthcare
• History and development of the physical therapy profession
• Professional recognition and identity
• Individual professionalism vs. professional status

1. Contemporary Practice Issues in Physical Therapy

• Roles of physical therapists within the healthcare team
• Ethical and professional responsibilities to:
• The profession
• The public

:

Course Description

This introductory course familiarizes first-semester DPT students with the basic concepts of ethics, law, and professionalism in healthcare, with specific reference to physical therapy practice. It lays the foundation for ethical thinking, professional behavior, legal awareness, and moral responsibility expected from future physical therapists. Emphasis is placed on values, attitudes, communication, patient rights, and professional conduct rather than advanced clinical decision-making.

Course Learning Objectives (CLOs)

1. By the end of this course, students will be able to:

• Understand basic ethical principles relevant to healthcare.
• Recognize the importance of professionalism in physical therapy.
• Identify fundamental legal concepts affecting healthcare practice.
• Develop professional attitudes, communication skills, and moral responsibility.
• Appreciate patient rights, confidentiality, and consent.
• Understand the role of physical therapists in society and healthcare teams.

Course Content

Unit 1: Introduction to Ethics

• Meaning and scope of ethics
• Ethics vs. morals
• Importance of ethics in healthcare
• Introduction to healthcare ethics
• Ethical behavior in daily life and academics
• Ethical sensitivity for healthcare students

Unit 2: Basic Ethical Principles in Healthcare

• Autonomy
• Beneficence
• Non-maleficence
• Justice
• Veracity
• Fidelity
• Respect for human dignity
• Application of ethical principles in simple healthcare scenarios

Unit 3: Introduction to Professionalism

• Meaning of profession and professional
• Characteristics of a healthcare professional
• Professional values and attitudes
• Professional appearance and behavior
• Role of professionalism in physical therapy
• Personal vs. professional identity

Unit 4: Communication and Professional Behavior

• Importance of communication in healthcare
• Verbal and non-verbal communication
• Professional language and conduct
• Respectful interaction with: Patients, Teachers, Classmates, Teamwork and collaboration, Time management and responsibility

Unit 5: Introduction to Healthcare Law

• Definition of law
• Difference between law and ethics
• Purpose of law in healthcare
• Sources of law (basic overview)
• Rights and duties of healthcare professionals
• Legal accountability (introductory level)

Unit 6: Patient Rights and Responsibilities

• Concept of patient rights
• Right to dignity and respect
• Right to privacy and confidentiality
• Right to informed consent (basic concept)
• Patient responsibilities
• Respect for cultural and social values

Unit 7: Confidentiality and Consent

• Meaning of confidentiality
• Importance of patient information protection
• Situations where confidentiality is required
• Introduction to informed consent
• Consent in simple clinical and academic situations
• Ethical handling of patient data

Unit 8: Introduction to Physical Therapy as a Profession

• Overview of physical therapy
• Role of a physical therapist in healthcare
• Scope of physical therapy (basic understanding)
• Ethical responsibilities of a physical therapist
• Professional conduct of PT students
• Lifelong learning and professional growth

Unit 9: Ethics in Academic and Student Life

• Academic honesty and integrity
• Plagiarism and cheating
• Respect for teachers and peers
• Ethical use of social media
• Professional behavior as a DPT student
• Responsibility towards institution and profession

Recommended Textbooks / References

1. Ethics for Health Professionals – Conceptual Introduction
2. Professionalism in Healthcare – Selected chapters
3. HEC DPT Curriculum (Ethics & Professional Practice sections)

DPT Semester II

ANATOMY-II

Credit Hours: 4 (3-1)

Course Description

The focus of this course is an in-depth study and analysis of the regional and systemic organization of the body. Emphasis is placed upon the structure and function of human movement. A comprehensive study of human anatomy with emphasis on the nervous, musculoskeletal, and circulatory systems is incorporated. Introduction to general anatomy lays the foundation of the course. Dissection and identification of structures in manikins/smart board systems supplemented with the study of charts, models, prosected materials, and radiographs are utilized to identify anatomical landmarks and configurations of the lower limb, abdomen, and pelvis.

Course Learning Outcomes:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Identify major anatomical structures of the lower extremity through spotting/virtual dissection

and cadaver lab work.

b) Demonstrate understanding of regional anatomy focusing on the lower extremity, abdomen,

and pelvis.

c) Explain applied anatomy and anatomical variations.

d) Describe the anatomical organization of the abdominal and pelvic cavities in relation to major

organ systems.

e) Interpret functional anatomy of lower body structures in context of movement and

rehabilitation.

Course Contents

Lower Limb

Osteology

• Detailed description of all bones of lower limb and pelvis along with their markings

Myology

• Muscles of gluteal region
• Muscles around hip joint
• Muscles of thigh
• Muscles of lower leg and foot

Neurology

• Course, distribution, supply of all nerves of lower limb and gluteal region
• Lumbosacral plexus

Angiology

• Course and distribution of all arteries, veins, and lymphatic drainage of lower limb

Arthrology

• Pelvis
• Hip joint
• Knee joint
• Ankle joint
• Joints of the foot
• Surface Anatomy of lower limb
• Surface Marking of lower limb

Abdomen

Abdominal Wall

• Structures of anterior abdominal wall: superficial and deep muscles
• Structure of rectus sheath
• Structures of posterior abdominal wall
• Lumbar spine (vertebrae)
• Brief description of viscera

Pelvis

• Brief description of anterior, posterior, and lateral walls of the pelvis
• Inferior pelvic wall or pelvic floor muscles
• Sacrum
• Brief description of perineum
• Nerves of perineum

Embryology

• Introduction to developing human
• Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis
• Fertilization and phases of fertilization
• Germ layers
• Development of limbs, muscular system, and nervous system

Lab Work

During the study of Gross Anatomy, emphasis will be given to applied aspects, radiological anatomy, surface anatomy, and cross-sectional anatomy of the region covered in the respective semester/year.

Note: Students are expected to maintain a practical notebook as a reflective record of their learning and achievements.

Recommended Books

1. Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standing, 41st Ed., Elsevier.
2. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students by Richard S. Snell.
3. Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moor
4. Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain.
5. Neuroanatomy by Richard S. Snell, 7th Ed.
6. Jancquera Textbook of Histology.
7. Langman’s Medical Embryology.

PHYSIOLOGY-II

Credit Hours: 3 (2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The course is designed to study the functions of the human body at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and systems levels. These topics are addressed by considering the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and endocrinological systems. The integrative nature of physiological responses in normal function and disease is emphasized throughout the course.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Identify the functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

b) Explain the regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory function under normal and

pathological conditions.

c) Analyze physiological responses to environmental stressors and changes in altitude.

d) Interpret physiological data including vital signs and pulmonary function tests.

e) Correlate alterations in respiratory and cardiovascular physiology with clinical symptoms.

COURSE CONTENTS

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

• General function of gastrointestinal tract
• Enteric nervous system
• Control of gastrointestinal motility and secretions
• Mastication
• Swallowing: mechanism and control
• Function, motility and secretions of stomach
• Function, motility and secretions of small intestine
• Function, motility and secretions of large intestine
• Function of GIT hormones
• Mechanism of vomiting and its control pathway
• Defecation and its control pathway
• Functions of liver
• Functions of gallbladder and role of bile in digestion
• Endocrine & exocrine pancreas and functions of pancreas in digestion
• Dysphagia
• Physiological basis of acid-peptic disease

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Heart and circulation
• Function of cardiac muscle
• Cardiac pacemaker and cardiac muscle contraction
• Cardiac cycle
• ECG: recording and interpretation
• Common arrhythmias
• Types of blood vessels and their function
• Hemodynamics of blood flow (local control, systemic circulation, regulation, and control)
• Peripheral resistance: regulation and effect on circulation
• Arterial pulse
• Blood pressure and its regulation
• Cardiac output and its control
• Heart sounds and murmurs; importance in circulation and control of venous return
• Coronary circulation
• Splanchnic, pulmonary, and cerebral circulation
• Triple response and cutaneous circulation

ENDOCRINOLOGY

• Classification of endocrine glands
• Mechanism of action of hormones
• Feedback and control of hormonal secretion
• Functions of the hypothalamus
• Hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary: mechanism of action and function
• Functions of the thyroid gland
• Functions of the parathyroid gland
• Calcium metabolism and its regulation
• Secretion and function of calcitonin
• Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex and medulla: function and mechanism of action
• Endocrine functions of the pancreas and control of blood sugar
• Endocrine functions of the kidney
• Physiology of growth

LAB WORK

• Clinical significance of cardiac cycle, correlation of ECG and heart sounds
• Examination of arterial pulses
• Arterial blood pressure
• Effects of exercise and posture on blood pressure
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (to be coordinated with the department of medicine)

Note: Students are expected to maintain a sketchbook. The sketchbook is a reflective record of achievements and evidence of learning progress.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Textbook of Physiology by Guyton and Hall, 12th Ed.
2. Review of Medical Physiology by William F. Ganong, 23rd Ed.
3. Physiology by Berne and Levy, 6th Ed.
4. Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine by Gillian Pocock, Christopher D. Richards, 4th Ed.
5. Physiological Basis of Medical Practice by John B. West and Taylor, 12th Ed.

KINESIOLOGY-II

CREDIT HOURS: 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The course covers the types of human motions in relation to axes and planes. It further explores the inter-relationship among kinematic variables and motion analysis.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Explain the biomechanical principles underlying muscle contraction and joint stability.

b) Explain the concepts of postures, and gait.

c) Apply principles of joint arthro-kinematics to clinical assessment and intervention.

d) Analyze the relationship between muscle length, tension, and force production.

e) Design therapeutic exercises and manual techniques to restore normal movement patterns.

COURSE CONTENTS

TYPES OF MOVEMENT & EXERCISES

• Voluntary & involuntary movements
• Active and Passive movements
• Classification & techniques of free exercises
• The principles, techniques and effects of assisted exercises
• The principles, techniques and effects of assisted resisted exercises
• The principles, types, techniques and effects of resisted exercises
• Variation of the power of the muscles in different parts of their range
• Progressive Resistance Exercise (PRE)
• Reflex movement
• The reflex arc
• The stretch reflex
• The righting reflexes
• The postural reflexes
• Effects and uses of reflex movement

PASSIVE MOVEMENT

• The principles, types, techniques and effects of passive exercises
• Definition of Passive manual mobilization and manipulations
• Controlled sustained stretching, Principles and Effects and uses

RELAXATION

• Definition
• Muscle tone
• Postural tone
• Voluntary movement
• Mental attitudes
• Degrees of relaxation
• Pathological tension in the muscles
• Technique
• General relaxation
• Local relaxation

DERIVED POSITIONS

• Purpose of derived positions
• Positions derived from standing by: alteration of arms, legs and trunk
• Positions derived from kneeling
• Positions derived from sitting by: alteration of the legs & by alteration of trunk
• Positions derived from lying, by alteration of arms and by alteration of the legs
• Positions derived from hanging
• Other positions in which some of the weight is taken on the arms

SUSPENSION THERAPY

• Suspension application
• Suspension concept of inclined planes
• The fixed point suspension
• Supporting rope and its types
• Sling and its types
• Type of suspension: axial & vertical
• Methods, techniques of suspension: upper limb & lower limb
• Suspension effect on muscle work and joint mobility

NEUROMUSCULAR CO-ORDINATION

• Coordinated movement
• Group action of muscles
• Nervous control
• Inco-ordination
• Re-Education
• Frenkel‘s exercises

WALKING AIDS

• Crutches
• Sticks
• Tripod or Quadripod
• Frames

LAB WORK

• Demonstrations of the techniques of active, passive movements
• Demonstrations of relaxation procedures
• Demonstrations of various derived positions
• PRE program
• Manual muscle testing - Regional Lower limb muscle testing

• Note:
• The students are expected to make a practical note book. The book is a collection of evidence that learning has taken place. It is a reflective record of their achievements.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Practical exercise therapy by Margaret Hollis, 3rd Ed. illustrated, reprint, Blackwell Scientific
2. Brunnstrom’s Clinical Kinesiology, 6th Ed. by Peggy A Houglum, Dolores B Bertoti
3. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy, 5th Ed. by Lynn S Lippert
4. Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis, 5th Ed. by Pamela K. Levangie and Cynthia C. Norkin
5. Muscle Function Testing by Cunningham and Daniel, 2nd Ed. illustrated
6. Human Movement Explained by Kim Jonas and Karen Baker
7. The Principles of Exercise Therapy by M. Dena Gardiner, 4th Edition

ENGLISH (EXPOAITORY WRITING)

Credit Hours: 3(3-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is designed to equip students with effective communication skills required for academic, professional, and social contexts. It emphasizes writing, reading, speaking, and presentation skills to enable students to express themselves clearly and confidently in real-life situations.

COURSE CONTENTS

Paragraph Writing

• Practice in writing a good, unified, and coherent paragraph

Essay Writing

• Introduction

CV and Job Application

• Format and development of CVs and applications

Academic Writing

• How to write a proposal for a research/term paper.
• Writing a research/term paper (focus on style, content, language, form, clarity, and consistency).

Technical Writing

• Technical report writing.
• Progress report writing.

Note: Extensive reading is required for vocabulary building

Translation Skills

• Urdu to English translation

Study Skills

• Skimming and scanning, intensive and extensive reading, and speed reading
• Summary, précis writing, and comprehension

Academic Skills

• Letter/memo writing
• Minutes of meetings
• Use of library and internet resources

Presentation Skills

• Preparing and delivering effective presentations
• Personality development (emphasis on content, style, and pronunciation)

Note: Documentaries will be shown for discussion and review.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

Communication Skills & Grammar

1. Practical English Grammar by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet. Exercises 2. Third Edition. Oxford University Press, 1986. ISBN 0194313506.

Writing

1. Writing: Intermediate by Marie-Chrisitine Boutin, Suzanne Brinand, and Francoise Grellet. Oxford Supplementary Skills, Fourth Impression 1993. ISBN 0194354057. (Pages 45–53: note taking).
2. Writing: Upper-Intermediate by Rob Nolasco. Oxford Supplementary Skills, Fourth Impression 1992. ISBN 0194354065. (Memos, introductions, descriptive and argumentative writing).

Reading

1. Reading: Advanced by Brian Tomlinson and Rod Ellis. Oxford Supplementary Skills, Third Impression 1991. ISBN 0194534030.
2. Reading and Study Skills by John Langan.
3. Study Skills by Richard Yorkey.

PAKISTAN STUDIES (Compulsory)

Credit Hours: 2 (2–0)

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Develop vision of historical perspective, government, politics, contemporary Pakistan, and ideological background of Pakistan.
• Study the process of governance, national development, and issues arising in the modern age posing challenges to Pakistan.

COURSE CONTENTS

Historical Perspective

• Ideological rationale with special reference to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, and Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
• Factors leading to Muslim separatism

People and Land

• Indus Civilization
• Muslim advent
• Location and geo-physical features

Government and Politics in Pakistan

• 1947–58
• 1958–71
• 1971–77
• 1977–88
• 1988–99
• 1999 onward

Contemporary Pakistan

• Economic institutions and issues
• Society and social structure
• Ethnicity
• Foreign policy of Pakistan and challenges
• Futuristic outlook of Pakistan

Recommended Books

1. Burki, Shahid Javed. State & Society in Pakistan. The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1980.
2. Akbar, S. Zaidi. Issue in Pakistan’s Economy. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
3. S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1993.
4. Mehmood, Safdar. Pakistan Political Roots & Development. Lahore, 1994.
5. Wilcox, Wayne. The Emergence of Bangladesh. Washington: American Enterprise, Institute of Public Policy Research, 1972.

ISLAMIC STUDIES/ INTRODUCTION TO HOLY QURAN -I

Credit Hours: 2 (2–0)

COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• To provide students with basic knowledge of Islamic Studies.
• To develop understanding regarding Islamic civilization.
• To enhance skills in performing prayers and other acts of worship.
• To improve critical thinking in relation to issues of faith and religious life.

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction to Quranic Studies

• Basic Concepts of Quran
• History of Quran
• Uloom-ul-Quran

Study of Selected Text of Holy Quran

• Verses of Surah Al-Baqra (284–286) – Faith
• Verses of Surah Al-Hujrat (1–18) – Adab Al-Nabi
• Verses of Surah Al-Muminoon (1–11) – Characteristics of faithful
• Verses of Surah Al-Furqan (63–77) – Social Ethics
• Verses of Surah Al-Inam (152–154) – Ihkam
• Verses of Surah Al-Ahzab (6, 21, 40, 56–58) – Adab Al-Nabi
• Verses of Surah Al-Hashr (18–20) – Thinking, Day of Judgment
• Verses of Surah Al-Saf (1–14) – Tafakkur, Tadabbur

Seerat of Holy Prophet (S.A.W)

• Life before Prophethood
• Life in Makkah: important lessons
• Life in Madina: important events & lessons

Introduction to Sunnah

• Basic Concepts of Hadith
• History and types of Hadith
• Uloom-ul-Hadith
• Sunnah & Hadith: Legal position

Selected Study from Hadith

Introduction to Islamic Law & Jurisprudence

• Basic Concepts
• History & Importance
• Sources of Law
• Nature of Differences in Islamic Law
• Islam and Sectarianism

Islamic Culture & Civilization

• Basic Concepts & Historical Development
• Characteristics of Islamic Civilization
• Contemporary Issues

Islam & Science

• Islam and Scientific Inquiry
• Contributions of Muslims in Science
• Quran and Science

Islamic Economic System

• Basic Concepts
• Distribution of Wealth
• Islamic Concept of Riba
• Trade & Commerce

Political System of Islam

• Basic Concepts
• Sovereignty in Islam
• Institutions of Government

Islamic History

• Period of Khilafat-e-Rashida
• Period of Umayyads
• Period of Abbasids

Social System of Islam

• Family Elements in Islam
• Ethical Values of Islam

Recommended Books

1. Hameedullah Muhammad, Emergence of Islam, IRI, Islamabad
2. Hameedullah Muhammad, Muslim Conduct of State
3. Hameedullah Muhammad, Introduction to Islam
4. Maulana Muhammad Yousaf Islahi

DPT SEMESTER 3RD

Medical Physics

Credit Hours: 3 (2–1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course introduces the basic principles of physics applicable in medical equipment used in physical therapy. It covers the fundamentals of currents, sound waves, electromagnetic radiations, heat, and their effects & applications in physiotherapy. Radiation protection and safety skills in biomedical instruments are also emphasized.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Explain basic principles of physics and their application to medical imaging and electrotherapy.

b) Understand and apply diagnostic, therapeutic and electrotherapy modalities.

c) Discuss safety measures and regulatory guidelines in medical physics practice.

d) Describe the physical principles underlying commonly used imaging techniques such as X-

rays, MRI, and ultrasound.

e) Analyze the relevance of physics in physiotherapeutic equipment calibration and usage.

COURSE CONTENTS

Electricity and Magnetism

• Structure of an atom
• Electron theory, conductors & insulators
• Conduction & convection

Static Electricity

• Charging by conduction and induction
• Electrostatic fields
• Capacitors: types and arrangements (series, parallel)
• Charging/discharging of capacitors
• Oscillating discharge of capacitors

Current Electricity

• Ohm’s Law
• Electrical components and units
• Resistance and types
• Chemical effects of a current
• Types of current
• Cells and batteries
• Simple voltage cell
• Combination of cells in series & parallel
• Thermal effects of current
• Electrolysis and electrolytic burns
• Ionization of gases and thermionic emission
• Electronic tubes, diodes, and triodes

Electromagnetism

• Magnetic effect of an electric current
• Moving coil voltmeter and ammeter
• Measurement of high-frequency and alternating current with meters
• Electromagnetic induction
• Faraday’s law
• Mutual and self-induction
• Eddy currents
• Transformers: construction and types
• Static and auto transformers

Electromechanics

• Current for treatment
• Rectification (A.C, half-wave, full-wave)
• Valve rectification circuits and metal rectifiers
• Surging of current
• Vibrators and multivibrator circuits

Classification of Currents (Overview)

• Low Frequency Current: Sinusoidal, faradic, galvanic (constant & interrupted), diadynamic, TENS, superimposed current (graphical representation)
• Medium Frequency Current: Interferential, Russian current
• High Frequency Current: Valves, transistors, long waves, medium waves, short waves, microwaves

Sound Waves

• Wave motion in sound
• Infrasonic, ultrasonic, and normal hearing band
• Characteristics of sound waves & velocities
• Reflection and refraction of sound waves
• Tone, resonance, and beats
• Interference of sound waves

Heat

• Temperature scales and conversions
• Nature of heat energy
• Specific heat & modes of heat transfer
• Effect of impurities on melting and boiling points

Electromagnetic Radiation

• Electromagnetic spectrum
• Frequency–wavelength relationship
• Reflection, refraction, absorption laws
• Total internal reflection
• Cosine law & inverse square law
• Concave & convex mirrors, lenses, prisms, reflectors
• Radio waves, infrared rays, visible rays, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, nuclear radiation (α, β, γ)

Safety in Biomedical Instruments

• Electrical outlets: hot, neutral, ground connections
• Causes & prevention of electric shocks
• Effects of electricity on human body
• Techniques to minimize shock hazards
• Earth shocks & preventive measures

Radiation Protection

• Ionizing & non-ionizing radiations
• Radiation quantities & units
• Effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
• Internal & external hazards
• Principles to control hazards: time, distance, shielding

Lab Work

• Measure resistance using potential divider
• Verify Joule’s law
• Calibrate thermocouple & measure unknown temperature
• Find acceleration due to gravity using simple pendulum
• Verify law of reflection of light
• Verify law of refraction of light
• Find refractive index of glass using rectangular slab

Recommended Books

1. Clayton’s Electrotherapy and Actinotherapy – P. M. Scott
2. Medical Physics for Physical Therapists – A. D. Moore
3. Preliminary Electricity for Physiotherapists – B. Savage
4. Basic Electronics – Grob

Anatomy-III

Credit Hours: 4 (3-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course provides an in-depth study of human anatomy focusing on the head, neck, face, skull, and thorax. Students will identify and describe anatomical structures, their relationships, and their clinical significance. Teaching methods include lectures, practical sessions using manikins, smart boards, prosected specimens, radiographs, models, and charts.

Course Learning Outcomes:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Identify major anatomical structures of head, neck, and thorax through spotting/virtual

dissection and cadaver lab work.

b) Demonstrate understanding of regional anatomy focusing on head, neck, and thorax.

c) Explain applied anatomy and anatomical variations.

d) Analyze the anatomical basis of common clinical conditions affecting the head, neck, and

thorax.

e) Describe the vascular and nervous supply to head and thoracic regions relevant to clinical application.

COURSE CONTENTS

The Head and Neck

• Muscles of the neck
• Triangles of the neck
• Major arteries and veins of the neck
• Cervical part of the sympathetic trunk
• Cervical plexus
• Cervical vertebrae and joints of the neck

The Face

• Sensory nerves of the face
• Bones and muscles of the face
• Facial nerve
• Muscles of mastication
• Mandible and hyoid bone
• Temporomandibular joint
• Orbit and nasal cavity (brief overview)
• Muscles of the eye

The Skull

• Bones of the skull
• Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae
• Base of skull
• Structures passing through foramina

Thorax

Thoracic Wall

• Vertebrae of the dorsal spine
• Sternum, costal cartilages, and ribs
• Intercostal muscles and nerves
• Diaphragm
• Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of thoracic wall
• Joints of thorax

Thoracic Cavity

• Mediastinum
• Pleura
• Trachea
• Lungs and bronchopulmonary segments
• Pericardium
• Heart: blood supply, venous drainage, and nerve supply
• Large veins (superior & inferior vena cava, pulmonary veins, brachiocephalic veins)
• Large arteries (aorta and branches)

Laboratory Work

• Dissection and identification of anatomical structures on models/manikins
• Study of prosected specimens and radiographs
• Applied anatomy, surface anatomy, and cross-sectional anatomy
• Maintenance of a practical notebook as a reflective record of learning achievements

Recommended Books

1. Gray’s Anatomy – Prof. Susan Standring, 39th Ed., Elsevier
2. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students – Richard S. Snell
3. Clinically Oriented Anatomy – Keith L. Moore
4. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology – Keith L. Moore
5. Wheater’s Functional Histology – Young and Heath
6. Medical Histology – Prof. Laiq Hussain

Physiology-III

Credit Hours: 3 (2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course focuses on the study of human body functions, with emphasis on the respiratory system, nervous system, reproductive system, body fluids, and renal system. The content integrates clinical and applied physiology to enhance understanding in relation to clinical modules and practice.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Describe the structure and function of the gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine systems.

b) Explain the physiological mechanisms regulating digestion, metabolism, and hormone

secretion.

c) Analyze the impact of physiological adaptations on homeostasis and health outcomes.

d) Perform physiological experiments to investigate organ system function.

e) Interpret laboratory data related to endocrine and metabolic functions in clinical scenarios.

COURSE CONTENTS

Respiratory System

• Function of respiratory tract
• Respiratory and non-respiratory functions of the lungs
• Mechanics of breathing
• Surfactant production & lung compliance
• Protective reflexes of the respiratory system
• Lung volumes and capacities (including dead space)
• Gas diffusion across alveolar membrane
• Ventilation–perfusion relationship
• Mechanism of oxygen & carbon dioxide transport in blood
• Neural and chemical regulation of respiration
• Abnormal breathing patterns
• Hypoxia – causes and effects
• Cyanosis – causes and effects

Nervous System

• General organization of the nervous system
• Classification of nerve fibers
• Properties of synaptic transmission
• Role of neurotransmitters & neuropeptides
• Types and functions of sensory receptors
• Spinal cord functions & ascending tracts
• Reflex action and reflexes
• Muscle spindle & muscle tone
• Mechanisms of touch, temperature, and pain
• Functions of the cerebral cortex
• Sensory vs. motor cortex functions
• Motor pathways (pyramidal & extrapyramidal)
• Basal ganglia and functions
• Cerebellum and function
• Posture and equilibrium control
• Physiology of sleep and memory
• Mechanism and control of speech
• Role of thalamus, hypothalamus, and limbic system
• CSF production & circulation
• Temperature regulation
• Autonomic nervous system physiology
• Physiological changes of aging

Reproductive System

• Male reproductive system: spermatogenesis, erection, ejaculation
• Testosterone: production and function
• Male puberty: physiological changes
• Female reproductive system: ovarian hormones (estrogen, progesterone)
• Menstrual cycle
• Female puberty and menopause
• Pregnancy & maternal physiological changes
• Placenta: structure and function
• Parturition and lactation
• Neonatal physiology

Body Fluids & Renal System

• Components & quantitative measurements of body fluids
• Fluid compartments (plasma, interstitial, intracellular)
• Kidney & nephron structure and functions
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and regulation
• Urine formation: filtration, reabsorption, secretion
• Plasma clearance, concentration & dilution of urine
• Water & electrolyte balance (renal regulation)
• Kidney in blood pressure regulation
• Hormonal functions of kidney
• Urine acidification & importance
• Acid-base balance (renal role)
• Micturition and its control

Laboratory Work

Respiratory System

• Stethography
• Breath sound examination
• Measurement of respiratory rate
• Lung function tests

Nervous System

• Examination of superficial & deep reflexes
• Brief motor & sensory system examination
• Examination of cranial nerves

Note: Students must maintain a practical notebook as evidence of learning and skill achievement.

Recommended Books

1. Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Physiology, Latest Edition.
2. William F. Ganong: Review of Medical Physiology, Latest Edition.
3. Berne & Levy: Physiology, Latest Edition.
4. Gillian Pocock & Christopher D. Richards: Human Physiology: The Basis of Medicine.
5. John B. West & Taylor: Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, 12th Ed.

Application of ICT Introduction to Computer

Credit Hours: 3 (2-1)

• COURSE DESCRIPTION:
• This is an introductory course on Information and Communication Technologies. Topics include ICT terminologies, hardware and software components, the internet and World Wide Web, and ICT based applications.

Course Learning Outcomes:

COURSE CONTENTS:

• Basic Definitions & Concepts
• Hardware: Computer Systems & Components
• Storage Devices, Number Systems
• Software: Operating Systems, Programming and Application Software
• Introduction to Programming, Databases and Information Systems
• Networks
• Data Communication
• The Internet, Browsers and Search Engines
• The Internet: Email, Collaborative Computing and Social Networking
• The Internet: E-Commerce
• IT Security and other issues
• Project Week
• Review Week

Recommended Books:

1. Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton, 6th International Edition (McGraw HILL)
2. Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computer & Communications by Williams Sawyer, 6th Edition (McGraw HILL)
3. Computers, Communications & Information: A User's Introduction by Sarah E. Hutchinson, Stacey C. Swayer
4. Fundamentals of Information Technology by Alexis Leon, Mathewsleon, Leon Press

PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY

CREDIT HOURS: 2 (2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course introduces fundamental organic chemistry and basic biochemistry essential for health sciences. It provides an overview of biomolecules (amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, enzymes, and nucleic acids) and emphasizes nutritional biochemistry, including vitamins, minerals, and balanced diet concepts.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Explain fundamental concepts of biochemistry including molecular structure and function.

b) Demonstrate understanding of biochemical pathways involved in cellular metabolism.

c) Apply knowledge of biochemistry to explain the physiological basis of therapeutic

interventions.

d) Understand the role of biochemistry in tissue repair and regeneration.

e) Explain the relationship between nutrition, metabolism, and physical performance.

COURSE CONTENTS

Cell & Body Fluids

• Introduction to Biochemistry
• Biochemical aspects of the cell
• Cell membrane structure, proteins, receptors & signal molecules
• Structure & properties of water, weak acids & bases, pH & pK
• Buffers: mechanism of action, body buffers

Biomolecules

• Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins: classification, acid-base properties, functions, protein structures (primary–quaternary), motifs, domains, fibrous vs globular proteins
• Enzymes: classification, properties, coenzymes, isozymes, proenzymes, regulation & inhibition, enzyme inhibitors, clinical diagnostic enzymology
• Carbohydrates: definition, classification, biochemical functions, mono-, oligo-, polysaccharides, bacterial cell wall, heteropolysaccharides, GAGs
• Lipids: classification, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, complex lipids, eicosanoids, cholesterol, bile acids/salts
• Nucleic Acids: nucleotides, DNA, RNA – structure, function, biochemical role

Nutritional Biochemistry

• Minerals & Trace Elements: sources, RDA, biochemical functions & clinical significance (Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Se, I, F)
• Vitamins: sources, RDA, biochemical functions & clinical significance (fat-soluble & water-soluble)
• Nutrition: dietary importance of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins, balanced diet

Recommended Books

1. Harper’s Biochemistry by Robbert K. Murray, Daryl K. Granner, Peter A. Mayes, Victor W. Rodwell, Latest Ed.
2. Lippincott’s Illustrated Review of Biochemistry by Pamela C. Champe & Richard A. Harvey, Latest Ed.
3. Practical Clinical Biochemistry by Varley.
4. Textbook of Biochemistry by Devlin, 5th Ed.
5. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Vol-I and II by M.A. Hashmi.
6. Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer, Latest Ed.

DPT SEMESTTER 4

NEUROANATOMY

CREDIT HOURS 3(2+1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The main aim of this course is to train and teach the students of the second year of Sargodha Medical College in such a way that they can practically apply the concepts of this subject which forms the firm foundation for the art of healing (medicine). The curriculum equips the students with a clear and comprehensive knowledge of the human body structural organization. The knowledge sharing is done with the students as it is the science of macro/microstructure and forms of the human body. The topics within the domain of anatomy include histology or microscopic anatomy, embryology or developmental anatomy, regional or gross anatomy and neuroanatomy which highlight the importance of the structural anatomy. Our teaching methodology involves group discussions, lectures and practical. At the end of the course study, the student will be able to understand the basic knowledge of structure, histology and development of the students, pelvis, head,neck and brain regions.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Identify anatomical structures of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

b) Describe the functional organization of the brain and spinal cord.

c) Apply Neuroanatomical knowledge to understand neurological disorders and their clinical

manifestations.

d) Perform Neuroanatomical spotting/virtual dissection.

e) Correlate Neuroanatomical structures with diagnostic imaging and neurological assessment

techniques.

COURSE CONTENTS

THEORY

The Head and Neck

The neck:

• Muscles around the neck, Triangles of the neck
• Main arteries of the neck, Main veins of the neck
• Cervical part of sympathetic trunk, cervical plexus, cervical spine (Vertebrae), Joints of neck

The face:

• Sensory nerves of the face
• Bones of the face, Mandible, Hyoid bone, Temporo-mandibular joint,
• Muscles of the face, Facial nerve, Muscles of mastication
• Brief description of orbit and nasal cavity

The skull:

• Bones of skull, Anterior cranial fossa, Middle cranial fossa, Posterior cranial fossa, Base of skull and Structures passing through foramina.

Neuroanatomy:

• Central Nervous System: Disposition, Parts and Functions
• Brain stem (Pons, Medulla, and Mid Brain)
• Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Internal Capsule, Blood Supply of Brain
• Stroke and its types
• Ventricles of Brain, CSF circulation and Hydrocephalus
• Meninges of Brain
• Neural pathways (Neural Tracts), Pyramidal and Extra pyramidal System (Ascending and Descending tracts), Functional significance of Spinal cord level,
• Cranial Nerves with special emphasis upon IV, V, VII, XI, XII (their course, distribution, and palsies)
• Autonomic nervous system, its components and Nerve receptors.

Spinal cord:

• Gross appearance, Structure of spinal cord, Grey and white matter (brief description), Meninges of spinal cord
• Blood supply of spinal cord and Autonomic Nervous system.

ABDOMEN

Abdominal wall:

• Structures of anterior abdominal wall: superficial and deep muscles, Structure of rectus sheath, Structures of Posterior abdominal wall
• Description of Gut Tube, Lumbar spine (vertebrae), Brief description of viscera.

Pelvis:

• Brief description of anterior, posterior and lateral walls of the pelvis, Inferior pelvic wall or pelvic floor muscles, Sacrum
• Brief description of perineum and Nerves of perineum.

Special embryology:

• Gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular system, CNS, Respiratory system

Special histology:

• Tongue, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Major Salivary Glands, Liver, Kidneys, Pituitary / Adrenal, Thyroid / Parathyroid

PRACTICAL:

During study emphasis should be given on applied aspect, radiological anatomy, histological anatomy, surface anatomy and cross-sectional anatomy of the region covered in the respective year.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standring 39th Ed., Elsevier.
2. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students by Richard S. Snell.
3. Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore.
4. Neuroanatomy by Richard S. Snell.

BIOMECHANICS&ERGONOMICS

CREDIT HOURS 3(2+1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course aspires to develop an appreciation of how mechanical principles can be applied to understand the underlying basis of human movement. It also examines selected anatomical, structural and functional properties of human connective, muscular, and nervous tissues, as well as skeletal structures. Emphasis is placed on the mechanical, neuromuscular and muscular events that influence normal and pathological motion. Endow with knowledge of Mechanics, Dynamics, Statics, Kinematics, Kinetics, Anthropometrics, the scope of scientific inquiry addressed by biomechanics, Differences between quantitative and qualitative approach for analyzing movements. This course will also help to expand an understanding of basic theoretical concepts, principles and techniques of ergonomics as well as an introduction to fundamental ergonomic measurement tools for assessment of physical workload, posture, occupational exposure, and stress.

COURSE CONTENTS

Biomechanics

Basic terminology

• Biomechanics, Mechanics, Dynamics, Statics, Kinematics, Kinetics and anthropometries, Scope of scientific inquiry addressed by biomechanics,
• Differences between quantitative and qualitative approach for analyzing human movements and biomechanics of human body growth and development.

Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion

• Position, units, of measurement for mass, force, weight, pressure, volume, density, specific weight, torque and impulse.
• Different types of mechanical loads that act on human body and Uses of available instrumentation for measuring kinematic variables.

Biomechanics of Bones and Structures of the Musculoskeletal System

• Biomechanics of Joints
• Biomechanics of Muscular Contraction, Biomechanics of Tendons and Ligaments
• Biomechanics of Peripheral Nerves and Spinal Nerve Roots and Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles.

Biomechanics of the Human Upper Extremity

• Biomechanics of the Shoulder
• Biomechanics of the Elbow
• Biomechanics of the Wrist and Hand
• Factors that influence relative mobility and stability of upper extremity articulation,
• Muscles that are active during specific upper extremity movements and
• Biomechanical contributions to common injuries of the upper extremity.

Biomechanics of Human Lower Extremity

• Biomechanics of the Hip
• Biomechanics of the Knee
• Biomechanics of the ankle and foot
• Factors influencing relative mobility and stability of lower extremity articulations, Adaptation of lower extremity to its weight bearing function, Muscles that are active in specific lower extremity movements and Biomechanical contribution to common injuries of the lower extremity.

Biomechanics of Human Spine

• Biomechanics of the Lumbar Spine
• Biomechanics of the Cervical Spine, Factors influencing relative mobility and stability of different regions of Spine
• Biomechanical adaptations of spine during different functions, Relationship between muscle location and action and effectiveness of muscle action in the trunk
• Biomechanical contribution to common injuries of the spine.

Applied Biomechanics

• Introduction to the Biomechanics of Fracture Fixation
• Biomechanics of Arthroplasty
• Engineering approaches to Standing, Sitting, and Lying and Biomechanics of Gait.

Human Movement in Fluid Medium

• The nature of fluids, Buoyancy and floatation of human body, Drag and components of drag, Lift Force and Propulsion in a fluid medium Ergonomics.

Overview and Conceptual Framework

• Ergonomics and Therapy: An Introduction, A Client-Centered Framework for Therapists in Ergonomics, Macro ergonomics, Knowledge, tools, and Techniques.

Anthropometry, Psychosocial Factors in Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders, Physical Environment and Human Factors in Medical Rehabilitation Equipment: Product Development and Usability Testing.

• Special Considerations, Lifting Analysis, Seating and Computers and Assistive Technology.
• Application Process.
• Ergonomics of Children and Youth

PRACTICAL

1. Biomechanical assessment of Upper extremity
2. Biomechanical assessment of Lower Extremity
3. Biomechanical assessment of Gait
4. Reflective case assignment related to biomechanics of various regions of the body

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Basic biomechanics of musculoskeletal system BY: Nordin & Frankel, 3rd edition.
2. Basic Biomechanics, Rex, Summer, Hall, 3rd edition.
3. Additional study material as assigned by the tutor.
4. Ergonomics for the therapist by Karen Jacobs 3rd edition mosby and Elsevier publishers

HUMAN PSYCHOLOGY

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is designed to increase awareness of psychosocial issues faced by individuals and their significant reference groups at various points on the continuum of health and disability. Personal and professional attitudes and values are discussed as they relate to developing therapeutic relationships. Communication skills are emphasized for effective interaction with clients, health-care professionals and others.

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES:

By the end of this course, the students will be able to:

a) Describe basic principles of human behavior and psychological development.

b) Understand clinical psychological theories to address patients' attitudes, beliefs, and

motivations related to health behavior.

c) Collaborate with mental health professionals to address psychosocial factors impacting patient care.

d) Recognize psychological responses to injury and chronic illness in physical therapy patients.

e) Apply communication strategies to foster patient engagement and behavior change.

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction to Human Psychology

• Define Human Psychology, Discuss its importance in health Discuss Bio-Psycho-Social Model of Healthcare.

Behavior of individual

• Nature/nurture debate Behaviorism and learning theories Behavioral modifications.

Cognition

• Cognition cognitive development throughout lifespan
• Science of relationship
• Define and discuss communication skills, its types, modes, barriers and factors affecting Discuss Counseling: steps, contraindications in health setting.

Conflict management

• Dealing with real life crisis and conflict situations in health settings
• Discuss interviewing and its psychosocial factors in health care.
• Define clinician-patient / client relationship Discuss Concept of boundaries and psychological reactions in clinician – patient relationship such as transference and counter transference.
• Discuss Problem solving and decision making strategies in health care

Stress management

• Define and classify of stress Discuss effects of stress on health and coping strategies
• Discuss Relationship of stress and stressors with illness
• Define Anxiety Discuss Psychological defense mechanisms, Adjustment and maladjustment

Application of human psychology principles in health and disease

• Importance of psychological consideration in physical therapy management of

Ethics

• Mentally, emotionally and physically compromised patients terminally ill and home bound patients Define ethics, medical ethics, and values, value system, virtues, mores, moral rules and morality

Ethical theories

Discuss principle based approach for physical therapist in ethics such as; o Non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, fidelity, veracity, paternalism, and Justice. Discuss code of ethics for physical therapist Discuss ethical dimension of the physical therapist patient relationship, confidentiality, information sharing, and informed consent and ethical dilemmas

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Rana MH, Ali S & Mustafa M. A handbook of behavioral sciences for medical and dental students. 2nd ed. Lahore: university of health sciences; 2013.
2. Dowrick C. Medicine in society: behavioral sciences for medical students. CRC Press; 2001
3. Billingham KA, Feldman HS & Lopez MA. Developmental psychology for health care prefession. Michigan: westviewpress;1982.

IDEOLOGY&CONSTITUTION OF PAKISTAN

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course introduces the students to the ideological foundations of Pakistan and the constitutional developments that have shaped the state. It focuses on the Two-Nation Theory, the role of prominent leaders in the Pakistan Movement, and the milestones of constitutional history. Special emphasis is placed on the 1973 Constitution, its salient features, fundamental rights, Islamic provisions, and principles of state policy. The course also highlights governance challenges and the responsibilities of professionals in strengthening Pakistan’s constitutional and ideological framework.

COURSE CONTENTS

Ideological Foundations

• Concept of ideology and the Two-Nation Theory
• Muslim identity in the Subcontinent
• Contributions of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Allama Iqbal, and Quaid-e-Azam
• Objectives Resolution (1949)

Historical & Constitutional Development

• Pakistan Resolution (1940) and creation of Pakistan (1947)
• Early constitutional efforts and constitutional crises
• Constitution of 1956 – main features
• Constitution of 1962 – main features
• Constitution of 1973 – background and significance

Constitution of 1973 (Detailed Study)

• Salient features
• Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy
• Islamic provisions in the Constitution
• Federalism and provincial autonomy
• Roles of Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary

Governance and Contemporary Issues

• Democratic and non-democratic phases in Pakistan
• Issues of governance and constitutional implementation
• Ethnicity, extremism, and national integration
• Foreign policy challenges in a constitutional context

Futuristic Outlook

• Vision of Pakistan in light of ideology and constitution
• Role of youth and healthcare professionals in strengthening constitutional values and national progress

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Ikram Rabbani – Pakistan Studies (Latest Edition)
2. Dr. Hamid Khan – Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan
3. Safdar Mehmood – Pakistan: Political Roots and Development
4. M. Rafique Afzal – Political and Constitutional Development of Pakistan

CIVICS & COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course introduces students to the concepts of civics, citizenship, and governance with a focus on active participation in community development. It emphasizes civic rights and responsibilities, democratic values, and the role of institutions in state building. The course also highlights community engagement through volunteerism, service learning, and professional contributions in healthcare. Students will explore how active civic participation and community service contribute to social justice, national integration, and sustainable development.

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction to Civics

• Concept and scope of civics
• Citizenship: meaning, rights, and responsibilities
• Role of civil society in democracy

Governance and State Institutions

• Forms of government
• Principles of democracy
• State institutions: Legislature, Executive, Judiciary
• Local government system in Pakistan

Constitution and Civic Rights

• Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of Pakistan
• Principles of Policy and citizen obligations
• Human rights, equality, and social justice
• Rule of law, accountability, and transparency

Community Engagement

• Concept of community service and volunteerism
• Role of NGOs, CSOs, and social movements in development
• Public health and community welfare: vaccination drives, awareness campaigns, rehabilitation projects
• Models of community engagement (service learning, participatory development)

Contemporary Civic Issues

• Challenges of governance in Pakistan (corruption, inequality, extremism)
• Social problems: poverty, illiteracy, gender inequality, healthcare gaps
• Sustainable development goals (SDGs) and Pakistan’s commitments
• Role of youth and professionals in civic renewal and community service

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Civics and Political Science by Dr. Safdar Mahmood
2. Pakistan Studies with Civics by Ikram Rabbani
3. Community Development in Pakistan by Dr. Anwar H. Syed
4. Local Government in Pakistan by Mushtaq Ahmad

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course introduces students to the fundamentals of entrepreneurship with a focus on identifying business opportunities, developing innovative ideas, and understanding the process of creating and managing a new venture. It emphasizes the importance of entrepreneurial thinking, leadership, creativity, and problem-solving skills in today’s dynamic healthcare and rehabilitation environment. The course also provides an understanding of small business management, financial planning, marketing strategies, and the role of entrepreneurship in economic and social development.

COURSE CONTENTS:

Introduction to Entrepreneurship

• Definition, scope, and significance of entrepreneurship
• Role of entrepreneurs in economic development
• Characteristics and qualities of successful entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurial Mindset and Creativity

• Innovation and opportunity recognition
• Creative thinking and problem solving
• Risk-taking and decision-making in entrepreneurship

Types of Entrepreneurship

• Small business, corporate, social, and healthcare entrepreneurship
• Difference between entrepreneur and manager

Business Idea Generation

• Sources of new business ideas
• Screening and evaluating business opportunities
• Feasibility analysis

Business Plan Development

• Elements of a business plan
• Importance of planning for startups
• Presentation of business ideas

Marketing and Financial Aspects

• Basics of marketing for small businesses
• Introduction to financial planning and resource mobilization
• Funding sources: personal savings, loans, investors

Entrepreneurship in Healthcare & Rehabilitation

• Role of physiotherapists in private practice and clinic management
• Opportunities for entrepreneurship in healthcare sector

Challenges in Entrepreneurship

• Common barriers and failures in entrepreneurship
• Legal and ethical considerations

Government Support and Institutions

• HEC and government initiatives for entrepreneurship in Pakistan
• Incubation centers and entrepreneurial networks

RECOMMENDED BOOKS:

1. Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., & Shepherd, D. A. Entrepreneurship. McGraw-Hill.
2. Barringer, B. R., & Ireland, R. D. Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures. Pearson.
3. Zimmerer, T. W., & Scarborough, N. M. Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. Pearson.
4. Khanka, S. S. Entrepreneurial Development. S. Chand Publishing.

ISLAMIC STUDIES

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course is designed to provide Basic Information about Islamic Studies, enhance understanding of the students regarding Islamic civilization, improve student's skill to perform prayers and other worships, enhance student's knowledge and understanding of Quran and Sunnah, and provide a comprehensive and general knowledge of the students regarding the Muslim world and its current political, economic, social and defense problems. Students will discuss different current issues along with Islamic solution to this, and the importance of unity and cooperation among Muslim countries. In this regard, they will learn about different projects and cooperation among Muslim countries, the Islamic organizations, their relation history, social and cultural relations, trade, political and defense organizations of the heritage of Islam, including language, literature, art, and architecture; intra-Islamic differences and issues of inter-cultural diversity and integration within the Muslim world; the political system of Muslim majority countries.

COURSE CONTENTS:

• Fundamental Beliefs and Practices of Islam.
• Tawheed (Unity of Allah), Risalat (Finality of the Prophet-hood), Akhirat (Day of Judgement), Salat, Soum, Zakat, Hajj and Jihad.
• Need of Religion and its Role in Human Life.
• Siraat of the Prophet (life of Prophet).
• Concept of morality, Concept of morality and Faith. Islamic principles and methods of character building.
• Islamic Legal System.
• Rights of the individual in Islam.
• Islam and modern society, Islam and modern society and scientific development.
• Holy prophet (peace be upon him) and his life.
• Islamic concept of state.
• Socio-economic life.
• Role of man and women in society, Rights of women children in Islam. Concept of women's freedom in Islam. Rights of children.
• Importance of rizk-e-halal.
• Contributions of Muslim scholars in science and medicine.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Introduction to Islam by Dr. Hamidullah.
2. Islam: Its meaning and message by Khurshid Ahmad.
3. Islam eik Nazar mein by Moulana Sadar udin Islahi
4. Quran aur Tameer seerat by Dr Meer waliudin

SOCIAL SCIENCES

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course introduces students to foundational concepts in social sciences, fostering an understanding of human behavior, societal structures, and cultural dynamics. It emphasizes the relevance of disciplines like sociology, anthropology, psychology, political science, and economics—highlighting civic engagement and the role of healthcare professionals in society. Through a multidisciplinary approach, students will develop critical thinking, empathy, and socially responsible perspectives vital for their professional growth.

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction to Social Sciences

• Definition, scope, and significance
• Disciplines: Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, Political Science, Economics

Society and Culture

• Culture, norms, values, and socialization
• Social institutions (family, education, religion) and their healthcare implications

Human Behavior & Individual-Society Link

• Basics of socialization and identity
• Social interaction, group dynamics, and role

Social Structures & Inequality

• Class, ethnicity, gender, and social stratification
• Impact of inequality on access to healthcare

Community and Civic Engagement

• Concepts of community, civil society, and civic responsibility
• Role of DPT professionals in community health and rehabilitation

Contemporary Social Challenges

• Urbanization, migration, aging population, social change
• Public health issues from a social perspective

Social Perspective on Health

• Social determinants of health
• Cultural factors and patient-centered care in physiotherapy

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Giddens, A. (2017). Sociology (9th Ed.). Polity Press.
2. Haralambos, M., & Holborn, M. (2013). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. HarperCollins.
3. Macionis, J. J. (2018). Sociology (16th Ed.). Pearson.
4. Ferrante, J. (2016). Sociology: A Global Perspective (9th Ed.). Cengage.

DPT SEMESTER 5

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

CREDIT HOURS 3 (2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course aims to develop a critical appreciation of exercise and applied physiology. The course will also enable the readers to understand injury prevention, rehabilitation and performance enhancement strategies.

COURSE CONTENTS

Physiology of exercise control of internal environment

• Homeostasis Control systems of the body
• Nature of the control system
• Examples of homeostatic control

Hormonal responses to exercise

• Neuroendocrinology Hormones
• Regulation and action Hormonal control of substrate mobilization during exercise

Measurement of work, power & energy expenditure

• Units of measure Work and power
• Define Measurement of work and power Measurement of energy expenditure
• Estimation of energy expenditure
• Calculation of exercise efficiency

Circulatory responses to exercise

• Organization of the circulatory system
• Heart: myocardium and cardiac cycle Cardiac output
• Hemodynamics Changes in oxygen delivery to muscle during exercise Circulatoryresponses to exercise
• Regulation of cardiovascular adjustments to exercise

Respiration during exercise

• Function of the lung Structure of respiratory system Mechanics of breathing Pulmonary ventilation
• Pulmonary volumes and capacities Diffusion of gases
• Blood flow to the lungs Ventilation-perfusion relationships
• O2 and CO2 transport in blood Ventilation and acid base balance
• Ventilatory and blood-gas responses to exercise Control of ventilation

Temperature regulation

• Overview of heat balance during exercise Overview of heat production/heat loss
• Body‘s thermostat-hypothalamus
• Thermal events during exercise
• Exercise in the heat Exercise in cold environment.

The physiology of training:

• Effect on VO2 max, performance
• Homeostasis and strength
• Principles of training research designs to study training endurance training and vo2 max vo2 max
• Cardiac output and arterio-venous oxygen difference detraining and vo2 max endurance training
• Effects on performance and homeostasis endurance training: links between muscle and system physiology physiological effects of strength training physiological mechanisms causing increased strength.
• Physiology of health and fitness work tests to evaluate cardio respiratory fitness
• Cardio respiratory fitness testing procedures field tests for estimating graded exercise tests
• Measurements vo2 max graded exercise tests protocols
• Exercise prescription for health and fitness
• Prescription of exercise general guidelines for improving exercise prescription for the sequence of physical activity strength and flexibility training
• Exercise for special populations i.e. diabetes asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Hypertension,
• Cardiac rehabilitation Exercise for older adults
• Exercise during pregnancy.

Physiology of performance factors affecting performance

• Sites of fatigue Factors limiting All-out anaerobic performances
• Factors limiting All-out aerobic performances

Laboratory assessment of human performance

• Laboratory assessment of physical performance
• Direct testing of maximal aerobic power
• Laboratory tests to predict endurance performance
• Determination of anaerobic power Evaluation of muscular strength.

Training of performance

• Training principles
• Components of a training session: warm-up, workout and cool down Training to improve aerobic power Injuries and endurance training
• Training for improved anaerobic power
• Training to improve muscular strength
• Training for improved flexibility
• Year-round conditioning for athletes Common training mistakes.

Training for the female athlete, children and special population

• Factors important to women involved in vigorous training
• Sports conditioning for children
• Competitive training for diabetics
• Training for asthmatics Epilepsy and physical training.

LAB WORK

• Predicting VO2 max using the Harvard step test
• Ratings of perceived exertion and intensity of exercise
• Time limit test Predicting VO2 max using Astrand Rhyming Monogram
• Determining maximal oxygen uptake using treadmill
• The effects of endurance and strength exercise on CV response
• Blood lactate sampling at rest and during exercise
• Determining onset of blood lactate accumulation and lactate threshold
• Assessing muscular efficiency
• The stretch reflex Stoop test

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Exercise Physiology- Theory and Application to Fitness and Performance by: Scott K. Powers, Edward T. Howley.
2. Exercise physiology, A thematic Approach By: Tudor Hale, University College Chichester, UK.

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS – I

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course deals with pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical/therapeutic uses and toxicology of drugs. Emphasis is given on how a drug works to anticipate when giving a drug to a patient are of paramount importance include administering drugs, calculating medication dosages based on given setting, assessing drug effects, intervening to make a drug more tolerable, and providing teaching about drugs and the drug regimen.

COURSE CONTENTS

General principles of pharmacology

• Various principal of pharmacology
• Introduction to pharmacokinetics
• Various drug dosage forms and pharmacological doses
• Various routes of drug administration and their advantages/ disadvantages
• Factors modifying drug absorption and distribution Major mechanisms responsible for drug metabolism
• Factors modifying drug metabolism
• Basic principles of drug excretion
• Factors modifying drug excretion
• Various mechanisms by which drugs exert their effects
• Various types of pharmacological graphs Identification of the therapeutic index and therapeutic window on a given dose response curve

Drugs used to treat pain and inflammation

• Therapeutic uses of opioid analgesics
• Classification of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the basis of mechanism of action
• Pharmacological management of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis
• Patient control analgesia

Pharmacology of central nervous system

• Classification of the drugs, which modulate the central Nervous System according to their general principles, selectivity, specificity and mode of action.
• Pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, contraindications, adverse effects and toxicity of drugs acting on above receptor system
• Sedative, hypertonic and anxiety agents Drugs used to treat effective disorders depression and manic depression
• Antipsychotic and antiepileptic drugs
• Pharmacologic management of Parkinson disease
• General and local anesthetics

Drugs affecting skeletal muscle

• skeletal muscle relaxants

Autonomic and cardiovascular pharmacology

• Introduction to Autonomic
• Pharmacology Cholinergic, Adrenergic and Antihypertensive Drugs
• Treatment of Angina Pectoris
• Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure
• Treatment of Coagulation Disorders and Hyperlipidemia

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Ciccone CD. Pharmacology in rehabilitation. 5th ed. United states:
2. Cardiopulmonary Perspectives in Rehabilitation; 2015. Whalen K, Finkel R &Panavelli TA, editors.
3. Lippincott illustrated reviews: pharmacology. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015
4. Cheema M. multi author textbook of pharmacology and therapeutics. Lahore: National Medical Publication; 2015: 1.

PHYSICAL AGENTS & ELECTROTHERAPY – I

CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course deals with the Physical principle associated with Electrotherapy and methods used in the field of Physical Therapy.

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction & electrotherapy

• Electrotherapy
• General Types of currents and its parameters
• Identification of the safety rules for using electrical currents
• Background with respect to RMP, nerve impulse, electrical charges of nerve and tissues with healing process
• Application of the energy to the body for therapy.
• List of the risks, preventions and knowledge of indications and contraindications.

Types of current used

Low frequency current

• Faradic current
• Sinusoidal current
• Galvanic current
• Changes in electrical reaction in Upper motor and Lower motor neurons and Muscular disease

Didynamic current

• Didynamic current
• Explain characteristics, derivatives and effects of Didynamic current
• Explain the technique of application, therapeutic uses, contraindications and dangers
• Examples: Sprain ankle, Sciatica. Facial neuralgia. Trigeminal neuralgia & Otitis media Clinical method of application and dosage

Medical ionization

• Describe Theory& proof of ionization
• Discuss Effects of various ions; iodine, salycylate, albucid, copper, zinc histamine, carbacol, renotinenovocaine, lithium
• Describe Techniques of medical ionization with vasodilator drugs
• Discuss Techniques for special areas.

Electro-diagnosis

• What are the use of electrical changes in evaluation and diagnosis?
• What are Faradic & I. D. C test
• What is Accomodity test
• Explain the physiological changes in Peripheral nerve.
• Give an assessment of nerve and muscle potential.
• What do you about Electromyography? Explain briefly.
• Give an assessment by observing the results of stimulating nerve and muscle.
• Explain muscle contraction.
• Give SDCT (Strength Duration Curve Test).
• Explain Evoked potentials.

Medium frequency current

• Define Russian current
• Explain the technique of application, contraindications and dangers of Russian current
• Explain clinical method of application and dosage
• Define IFC
• What are the characteristics, effects, technique of application and therapeutic uses
• Explain the contraindications, dangers and clinical method of application of IFC
• Changes in electrical reaction in Upper motor and Lower motor neurons and Muscular disease

Super imposed current

• Give Introduction Definition Describe Effects & uses, Technique, Methods, dangers and precautions

High voltage current (HVC)

• Define HVC
• Explain the characteristics, effects and uses of HVC
• Explain the technique of application of HVC
• What are the contraindications and dangers of HVC
• What is the clinical method of application and dosage of HVC

High frequency currents

• Introductions of high frequency currents
• Describe Productions of high frequency currents
• Describe Uses, indication, contraindications & methods of applications of high frequency currents

LAB WORK

• Note Location of motor points
• Faradic & I.D.C test Strength duration curve, determination of Rheobase and Chronaxie Accommodity test
• Electromyography Definition, method, value, uses of E.M.G, Electromyography & temperature, feedback techniques
• Practical application of TENS in physical therapy treatment
• Reflective clinical case studies
• Iontophoresis: Demonstration of techniques during practical classes, later on techniques practiced by students on patients attending the department under supervision of trained physiotherapists.
• The students are expected to make a record of his/her achievements in the log book. The log book is a collection of evidence that learning has taken place. It is a reflective record of achievements. The log book shall also contain a record of the procedures which student would have performed/observed

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Scott PM. Clayton’s electrotherapy and actinotherapy. 7th ed. USA: Williams & Wilkins: 1980.
2. Watson T. Electrotherapy: evidence-based practice. 12th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2008
3. Singh J. Textbook of electrotherapy. 2nd ed. India: Jaypee; 2012

COMMUNITY MEDICINE & REHABILITATION

CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is designed for the Physical Therapy students in order to develop strong background knowledge regarding the community health, wellbeing and community based rehabilitation. It also gives knowledge about the issues of community health, policies and procedures for their effective rehabilitation management. It provide awareness about the problems faced by people in community at all levels and effective strategies to solve these issues

COURSE CONTENTS

Community based medicine introduction

• History of Community medicine & rehabilitation
• Definition, concept of Health & illness of diseases Physical History of diseases, levels & prevention

Environmental sanitation & medical entomology

• Water waste disposal environmental problems & pollution

Genetics

• Prevention of genetic diseases Genetic counseling.

General epidemiology descriptive epidemiology

• Time Place Person.

Analytical epidemiology

• Case control Cohort studies.

Experimental epidemiology randomized control trial systemic epidemiology

• Vector borne diseases
• Water borne diseases
• Air borne diseases
• Contact diseases
• Diseases of major public health and its importance along with national health programs wherever Applicable

Non-communicable diseases

• Diabetes
• Hypertension, Heart diseases, Blindness and Accidents Geriatric problems.

Occupational health problems

• M.C.H. and family welfare Programs
• Health care delivery in the community
• National Health Policy
• National Health programs including Rehabilitation, Evaluation of Health Programs,
• Health Planning Organization

Structure of health care system in thecountry

• P. H. C. district level, State level and central level.
• P. H. C. Organization and Function Role of Non-Governmental Organization

Health education

• Principles of Health Promotion Methods, approaches and media for I. E. C (Information, Education & Communication)
• Medical and Health/Information system
• Mental Health Nutrition.

Community based rehabilitation health in the community

• Handicap and the community nutrition and mal-nutrition breast feeding immunization oral rehydration.

Normal body function

• Normal development Growth and weight of children.

Conditions and treatments

• Cerebral palsy in children down syndrome mental handicap
• Hydrocephalus spin bifida poliomyelitis blindness deafness strokes spinal cord injuries amputation.

Management of patients

• Assessment and recoding Fits, Contractures, Pressure sores, Urine and bowel
• Management Chest infection
• Feeding children with cerebral palsy
• Toy making workshop Welfare assistance.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Textbooks of Community Medicine, by Prof. H. A. Siddique (2nd Edition)
2. Parks text book of preventive & social medicine –K Park.
3. Community based rehabilitation worker manual, marion loveday, global health publication
4. Introduction to Special Education By: Allen and Beacon,(1992), A Simon & Superter Comp. Needham Heights

PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY – I

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The course will develop an understanding among students about the pathology of underlying clinical disease states and involving the major organ systems. Epidemiological issues will be presented and discussed. Students will use problem-solving skills and information about pathology and Microbiology to decide when referred to another health care provider or alternative intervention is indicated.

COURSE CONTENTS

General pathology which includes cell injury and death

• Causes of cell injury Pathogenesis of necrosis and apoptosis
• Sub cellular responses

Cell adaptations

• Relevant examples: hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia and intracellular accumulation

Inflammation

• Acute inflammation
• Vascular events and cellular events
• Chemical mediators

Chronic inflammation

• General and granulomatous inflammation
• Morphologic patterns of acute and chronic inflammation

Healing & repair

• Normal controls of healing and repair. Repair by connective tissue Wound healing

Hemodynamic disorders

• Edema and its types Hyperemia /congestion, Hemorrhage, Thrombosis, Embolism, Infarction, Shock.

Diseases of immunity

• General features of immunity
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Immune deficiencies
• Autoimmunity Amyloidosis

Neoplasia

• Nomenclature of neoplasia
• Molecular basis of neoplasia
• Carcinogenic agents of neoplasia
• Clinical aspects of neoplasia

Microbiology the bacteria

• Bacterial cell structure, its forms and function
• Identification and classification of bacteria Gram stain

Methods of studying micro-organism

• Culturing, inoculation and identification
• Types of medicine physical states of media

Microbial growth

• Stages in the normal growth curve
• Microbial genetics
• Prokaryotic transcriptions and translations
• Conjugations Mutation and its causes
• Mechanism of drug resistances and its pathogenesis
• Gateway to infection
• Resident flora and its mechanism of invasions Classic
• Stages of clinical infection
• Sterilization and disinfection.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Goodman CC & Fuller KS. Pathology: implication for the Physical Therapist. 4th ed. Elsevier:USA;2015
2. Kumar V, Abbas AK, &Aster JC. Robbins basic pathology. 9th ed.
3. Elsevier: Philadelphia; 2013. Levinson W. review of medical microbiology & immunology. 14th ed. McGraw-Hill: Canada; 2016

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course offers students an introduction to the applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly in diagnostics, patient care, and rehabilitation. It covers foundational AI concepts such as machine learning, neural networks, and health informatics. Students will explore how AI can support clinical workflows, improve decision-making, streamline rehabilitation planning, and enhance personalized patient care. Discussions on ethical concerns, data security, algorithmic bias, and the limitations of AI in clinical contexts are integral to the curriculum.

COURSE CONTENTS

Introduction to AI in Healthcare

• Definition and importance of AI in modern healthcare
• Overview: role in diagnostics, rehabilitation, admin tasks

Basic Concepts of AI & Machine Learning

• Fundamentals of machine learning and neural networks
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

Health Informatics & Electronic Health Records (EHRs)

• AI in processing and summarizing EHRs
• Physical Language Processing for clinical documentation

Diagnostics & Clinical Decision Support

• AI uses in radiology, pathology, cardiology, ophthalmology, and primary care
• Case studies: detecting diseases using AI-assisted imaging

Rehabilitation & Wearables

• Use of AI in remote monitoring, tele-rehab, wearable sensor analytics

Ethical & Social Considerations

• Algorithmic bias, patient privacy, job automation, reliability concerns
• Professional responsibilities in AI applications

AI Implementation & Healthcare Systems

• Barriers and facilitators for AI use in clinical settings
• Training clinicians to work with AI and interpret outputs

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Rajkomar, A., Dean, J., &Kohane, I.– Machine Learning in Medicine Topol, E.– Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again
2. Davenport, T. &Kalakota, R. – The Guide to AI in Healthcare

SUPERVISED CLINICAL PRACTICE – I

CREDIT HOURS 3(0-3)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

During this supervised clinical practice, students are responsible for learning the art of history taking, the first interaction with patient. Students learn the skills under supervision of trained physical therapists. Students become familiar with performance of these skills in all settings (inpatient and outpatient) as well as on all types of patients (surgical, non-surgical, pediatric, geriatric, etc.). To The emphasis is placed on general history taking skills as well as its pertinence all systems (musculoskeletal, Integumentary, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neurological.) Student is required to keep a performance record of all listed competencies and successfully perform on real patients during the final evaluation of the course

CLINICAL COMPETENCIES

• Review patient medical records and conduct an interview which collects the following data
• Past and current patient/client history
• Demographics
• General health status
• Chief complaints
• Medications
• Medical/surgical history
• Social history
• Present and pre-morbid functional status/activity
• Social/health habits
• Living environment
• Employment
• Growth and development
• Lab values and Imaging Consultations
• Note: Documentation of the history. It is mandatory for each student to document minimum 16 cases per semester (1 cases per week) in clinical log book duly checked andsigned by clinical supervisor on weekly basis and head of institute at completion.

DPT SEMESTER 6TH

PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS-II

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is designed to acquaint thse students with the study of properties, effects, and therapeutic value of the primary agents in major drug categories. The topics include pharmacology of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, treatments of infectious diseases, and the drugs used in iontophorosis and phonophoresis

COURSE CONTENTS

RESPIRATORY AND GASTROINTESTINAL PHARMACOLOGY

• Respiratory drugs
• Gastrointestinal Drugs.

ENDOCRINE PHARMACOLOGY

• Introduction to Endocrine Pharmacology
• Adrenocorticosteroids
• Male and Female hormones
• Thyroid and Parathyroid Drugs; Agents affecting bone mineralization
• Pancreatic Hormones and the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.

CHEMOTHERAPY OF INFECTIOUS AND NEOPLASTIC DISEASES

• Treatment of Infections; Antibacterial Drugs
• Treatment of Infections; Antiviral Drugs
• Treatment of Infections; Antifungal and Ant parasitic drugs
• Cancer Chemotherapy
• Immunomodulating Agents

DRUGS USED IN CURRENT PHYSICAL THERAPY PRACTICE

• Drugs administered by Iontophorosis and Phonophrosis
• Potential Interactions between Physical Agents and Therapeutic drugs.

RECOMMENDED BOOK

1. Pharmacology in Rehabilitation (5rd Edition-2015 ) By Charles D. Ciccone.
2. Pharmacology, Richard A, Harvey, 3rd Edition, Lippincott‘s.
3. A Textbook of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5th Edition by James Ritter 2012

PHYSICAL AGENTS & ELECTROTHERAPY-II

CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course covers the basic principle of electrotherapy modalities used in physical therapy, including thermal, mechanical, physical agents and electromagnetic tools. Also help to understand the Indication, Contraindication and Methods of application in physical therapy.

COURSE CONTENTS

MEDIUM FREQUENCY CURRENT

• Interferential Current
• Introduction, physical principles, electro-physiological effects
• Clinical applications, methods of application
• Treatment consideration & contraindications.

PHYSICS OF HEAT AND RADIATION

• Definition of heat and temperature
• Physical effects
• Transmission of heat
• Radiant energy electromagnetic spectrum its production & properties
• Laws governing radiation.

INFRA-RED RAYS

• Definition
• Production, luminous & non-luminous generators
• Physiological effects
• Therapeutic effects
• Uses
• Techniques of application Dangers and contraindications.

ULTRA VIOLET RAYS

• Production, U.V. rays
• Mercury Vapour Lamp: Air cooled mercury vapour lamp &Kromayer lamp
• Fluorescent Tubes
• Penetration of rays into the skin
• Physiological effects (local & general)
• Therapeutic effects Sensitizers
• Assessment of doses Test dose
• Techniques of local and general radiation with special techniques of treatment of wounds
• Techniques with compression
• Dangers & precautions
• Contraindications

HELIOTHERAPY

• Introduction
• Effects
• Uses
• Dangers and contraindications.

ULTRASONIC THERAPY

• Introduction
• Production
• Physiological & therapeutic effects
• Uses, dangers, precautions & contraindications
• Techniques and application of treatment.

CRYOTHERAPY

• Definition
• Methods
• Physiological & therapeutic effects
• Dangers, indications and precautions.

HYDROTHERAPY

• Physiological principles of hydrotherapy
• Application of heat & cold
• Outline of methods of applying moist heat
• Medium used, contrast bath, paraffin baths, whirlpool baths, techniques, effects, uses, dangers, contraindications of each
• The use of water as medium of each, the use of water as a medium of movement pool therapy
• Immersion baths, full, plain and medicated, partial baths, packs, general local methods of application
• Hot air, vapors, the car of patients in hydrological department
• Detailed description of indication of hydrotherapy.

TRACTION

• Effects of spinal traction
• Clinical indications for the use of spinal traction
• Contraindications and precautions for spinal traction
• Adverse effects of spinal traction
• Application technique.

COMPRESSION

• Effects of External Compressions
• Clinical indications for the Use of External Compression
• Contraindications and Precautions of External Compression
• Contraindications for the Use of Intermittent or Sequential Compression Pumps
• Precautions for the Use of Intermittent or Sequential Compression Pumps
• Adverse Effects of External Compression
• Application Techniques.

LASER THERAPY

• Definition
• Properties of laser
• Production of Lasers
• Types of Lasers
• Techniques of application
• Dosage parameters
• Interaction of laser with body tissues
• Physiological and therapeutic effects of lasers
• Dangers and contraindications
• Methods of Treatment.

BIOFEED BACK

• Introduction
• Indications
• Contra-Indications
• Types of Biofeedback
• Advantages
• Disadvantages

SHOCKWAVE THERAPY

• Physiology
• Indications
• Method of Application
• Contra-Indications

WAX THERAPY

• Characteristics of Paraffin Wax
• Care of Apparatus
• Physiological Effects
• Indications
• Contra-Indications
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Method of Application

MEGNATIC THERAPY

• Indications
• Contra-Indications
• Method of Application

LAB WORK

• Note The practical training will be practiced in physiotherapy treatment ward under the supervision of qualified physiotherapists.
• Practical application of Interferential therapy
• Practical application of Infra-red rays
• Practical application of ultrasound including Phonophoresis
• Supervised application of Ultraviolet rays including determination of test dosage
• Practical application of Cold packs
• Supervised application of Wax therapy
• Practical application of Infra-red Rays
• Practical application of Mechanical traction
• Supervised application of Hot packs, Electric Heating pads Paraffin Wax bath application
• Practical application of SWD
• Practical application of LASER
• Supervised application of Shock wave therapy
• Practical application of Magnetic therapy
• Demonstration of techniques during practical classes, later on techniques practiced by students on patients attending the department under supervision of trained physiotherapists.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Clayton’s Electrotherapy and Actinotherapy, 10th edition by PM Scott.
2. Electrotherapy: Evidence based Practice, 11th edition by Shelia Kitchen. Michelle H Cameron’s
3. Physical Agent in Rehabilitation: From research to Practice.
4. Electrotherapy and Electrodiagnosis by S. Lient.
5. Applications of Shortwave Diathermy by P. M. Scott
6. Practical Electrotherapy by Savage.
7. Textbook of Electrotherapy & Practical application by Jagmohen Singh 2nd

THERAPEUTIC EXEDRCISES &TECHNIQUES

CREDIT HOURS3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course presents anatomical and physiological principles to allow students to develop integrated therapeutic exercise interventions. Students have the opportunity to develop an acquired understanding of physiological responses to various types of training and develop skills in prescription, implementation, and modeling of exercise programs. Exercise components of strength, aerobic/ anaerobic conditioning, flexibility, balance and stage of healing/rehabilitation are examined. Evidence of appropriate, safe and effective exercise design and proper exercise biomechanics and prescription parameters are addressed with all interventions. Exercise considerations for special populations and across the age span are covered. Concepts are presented in lecture and practiced in the laboratory

COURSE CONTENTS

THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE: FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS

• Define Therapeutic exercise: impact on physical function
• Discuss Process and models of disablement
• Discuss Patient management and clinical decision making: an Interactive relationship
• Discuss Strategies for effective exercise and task-specific Instruction.

APPLIED SCIENCE OF EXERCISE AND TECHNIQUES

• Define Range of motion, Types of ROM exercises, its Indications and goals.
• Discuss Limitations of ROM exercises with Precautions and contraindications. Describe Principles and procedures for applying ROM Techniques: Self-assisted ROM, continuous passive motion and ROM through functional patterns.

STRETCHING FOR IMPAIRED MOBILITY

• Define terms related to mobility and stretching
• Discuss Properties of soft tissue–response to immobilization and stretch
• Discuss determinants, types, and effects of stretching interventions
• Describe Procedural guidelines for application of stretching interventions
• Explain Precautions during stretching
• Discuss Adjuncts to stretching interventions
• Explain Manual stretching techniques in anatomical planes of motion.

PERIPHERAL JOINT MOBILIZATION

• Define terms: mobilization/manipulation, self-mobilization (auto mobilization), mobilization with movement, physiological movements, accessory movements, thrust, manipulation under anesthesia, muscle energy
• Discuss Basic concepts of joint motion: arthro kinematics
• Discuss Indications and Limitations of joint mobilization techniques with its contraindications and precautions
• Discuss Procedures for applying passive joint mobilization techniques
• Discuss Mobilization with movement: principles of application
• Discuss Peripheral joint mobilization techniques including Shoulder Girdle Complex, Elbow and Forearm Complex, Wrist Complex, Hand and Finger Joints, Hip Joint, Knee and Leg, Ankle and Foot Joints.

RESISTANCE EXERCISE FOR IMPAIRED MUSCLE PERFORMANCE

• Define Muscle performance
• Discuss types of resistance exercise with its guiding principles
• What are Determinants of a resistance exercise program
• Discuss General Principles of Resistance Training with Precautions for and Contraindications to resistance exercise
• Define Manual resistance exercise with its guidelines
• What are Physiological changes that occur with training
• Discuss Skeletal muscle function and its adaptation to resistance exercise
• Discuss special considerations, techniques with general background for upper extremity and lower extremity
• Describe Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, its principles, procedures and basic and specific Techniques
• Discuss Diagonal patterns of PNF with reference to upper and lower extremity.
• Discuss Mechanical resistance exercise and its use in rehabilitation, conditioning programs with special considerations for children and older adults
• Discuss Selected resistance training regimens
• Discuss Equipment for resistance training

PRINCIPLES OF AEROBIC EXERCISE

• Discuss Application of principles of an aerobic conditioning program for the patient with coronary disease for both inpatients and multiple phases of outpatient
• Discuss special considerations and adaptive changes
• Discuss Applications of aerobic training for the de-conditioned individual and the patient with chronic illness in different Age group.

AQUATIC EXERCISE

• Define aquatic exercises with its Background and principles, identify Goals, indications, Precautions and contraindications to aquatic exercise
• Discuss Properties of water, Aquatic temperature and therapeutic exercise
• What are the Special equipment for aquatic exercise
• Discuss Exercise interventions using an aquatic environment such as stretching exercises, Strengthening Exercises and Aerobic Conditioning.

LAB WORK

• Hands on skills of the following techniques:
• Range of Motion
• Stretching
• Resisted exercise
• Peripheral joint mobilization
• Aerobic exercises
• Balance training
• Hydrotherapy
• Reflective clinical case studies
• Supervised and independent applications of therapeutic techniques on patients in outdoor and indoor physiotherapy treatment settings.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

• Kisner C & Colby LA. Therapeutic exercise: foundations & techniques. 6th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2012.
• Bandy WD & Sanders B. Therapeutic Exercise for physical therapist assistants: techniques for intervention. 3rd ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2012.
• Sullivan PE and Markos PD. Clinical decision making in therapeutic exercise. Appleton & Lange; 1994.
• Connolly BH & Montgomery P. Therapeutic exercise in developmental disabilities. 3rd ed. Slack; 2004.

HEALTH & WELLNESS

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course includes discussion on the theories of health and wellness, including motivational theory, locus of control, public health initiative, and Psycho-Social, spiritual and cultural consideration. Health risks, screening, and assessment considering epidemiological principles are emphasized. Risk reduction strategies for primary and secondary prevention, including programs for special populations are covered.

DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE:

PREVENTION PRACTICE: A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE FOR PHYSICALTHERAPY:

• Defining Health
• Predictions of Health Care
• Comparing Holistic Medicine and Conventional Medicine
• Distinguishing Three Types of Prevention Practice.

HEALTHY PEOPLE:

• Definition of healthy people
• Health education Resources
• Physical Therapist role for a healthy community.

KEY CONCEPT SOFFITNESS:

• Defining & Measuring Fitness
• Assessment of Stress with a Survey
• Visualizing Fitness
• Screening for Mental and Physical Fitness
• Body Mass Index calculations

FITNESSTRAINING:

• Physical Activities Readiness Questionnaire
• Physical Activities Pyramid
• Exercise Programs
• Evidence-Based Practice

SCREENING FOR HEALTH, FITNESS, AND WELLNESS:

• Distinguishing Screening, Examination, and Evaluation
• Interviewing for Health, Fitness and Wellness
• VitalSignes,3-minute Step Test, and Borg perceived Scale of Exertion
• Seven Dimensions of Wellness
• Physical Health Screening

HEALTH, FITNESS, AND WELLNESS ISSUES DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE:

• Structure and Function
• Recognizing and Reporting Child abuse
• Denver-II Developmental Screening
• Special Concerns in Pediatrics
• Program for Prevention of Obesity

HEALTH, FITNESS,ANDWELLNESSDURINGADULTHOOD:

• Tasks of Adulthood
• Adult Health and Wellness Risks
• Screening Tools for Adulthood
• Adult Educational Materials

WOMEN'S HEALTH ISSUES: FOCUS ON PREGNANCY:

• Screening for Women’s Health
• Women’s Heart Disease
• Female Athlete Triad
• Educational Material for Women
• Prepartum and Postpartum Exercises

PREVENTION PRACTICEFOROLDERADULTS:

• Ageism
• Anatomical and Physiological Changes with Aging
• Common Health Problems of Older Adults
• Screening Older Adult for Health Fitness and Wellness
• Fitness for Older Adults

RESOURCESTOOPTIMIZEHEALTHANDWELLNESS:

• Chronic Illness
• Nutrition
• Progressive Relaxation
• Time management
• Spirituality

HEALTH PROTECTION:

• Infection Control
• Injury Prevention during Childhood
• Injury prevention during Adolescence
• Injury Prevention during Adulthood
• Injury Prevention during Older Adulthood

PREVENTIONPRACTICEFORMUSCULOSKELETALCONDITIONS:

• Musculoskeletal, Changes in Childhood and Adolescence
• Musculoskeletal Changes with Aging
• Ergonomics
• Workplace Screening for Musculoskeletal Risk

PREVENTIONPRACTICEFORCARDIOPULMONARYCONDITIONS:

• Common Cardiopulmonary Disorders
• Screening for Cardiopulmonary Conditions
• Prevention of Cardiovascular Conditions
• Prevention of pulmonary Conditions
• Recommended Exercises for Chronic Diseases

PREVENTIONPRACTICEFORNEUROMUSCULARCONDITIONS:

• Prevention Practice for Stroke
• Prevention Practice for spinal Cord Injury
• Prevention Practice for Parkinson’s disease
• Prevention practice for Multiple Sclerosis

PREVENTIONPRACTICEFORINTEGUMENTARYDISORDERS:

• Lifespan Changes of the integumentary System
• Skin Care

PREVENTION PRACTICE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES:

• Defining Developmental Disabilities
• Misconceptions about Disabilities
• Promoting Health for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities
• Quality of life for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities

MARKETINGHEALTHANDWELLNESS:

• Definition of Marketing
• Marketing Strategies for health and wellness Centers

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK:

• A Physical Therapist’s Guide to Health, Fitness, and Wellness
• By Catherine Thompson, PhD, MS,PT

PATHOLOGY & MICROBIOLOGY-II

CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course will cover the basic concepts, terminology, etiology, and characteristics of pathological processes. The course includes the diseases of the Integumentary System, Cardiovascular System, the Lymphatic System, the Respiratory System, the Nervous System, and Pathology of the musculoskeletal System, Pathology of Aging and medical microbiology. Also help the student to provide with a working knowledge of clinical pathology lab importance in Physical Therapy

COURSE CONTENTS

THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Skin Lesions
• Signs and Symptoms of Skin Disease
• Aging and the Integumentary System
• Common Skin Disorders
• Skin Infections
• Skin Cancer
• Skin Disorders Associated with Immune
• Dysfunction
• Thermal Injuries
• Miscellaneous Integumentary Disorders.

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease
• Aging and the Cardiovascular System
• Gender Differences and the Cardiovascular System
• Diseases Affecting the Heart Muscle
• Disease Affecting the Cardiac Nervous System
• Diseases Affecting the Heart Valves
• Diseases Affecting the Pericardium
• Diseases Affecting the Blood Vessels Other Cardiac Considerations.

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

• Anatomy and Physiology
• Inflammation and Infection in the Lymphatic System.

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Aging and the Pulmonary System
• Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
• Obstructive Diseases
• Environmental and Occupational Diseases
• Near Drowning
• Congenital Disorders
• Parenchymal Disorders
• Disorders of the Pulmonary Vasculature
• Disorders of the Pleural Space

PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

• Advances in Musculoskeletal Biotechnology
• Biologic Response to Trauma Aging and the Musculoskeletal System
• The Musculoskeletal System and Exercise
• Musculoskeletal System Disease.

METABOLIC DISORDERS

• Osteoporosis
• Osteomalacia
• Paget's disease.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

• Osteomyelitis
• Infections of Prostheses and Implants
• Diskitis
• Infectious (Septic) Arthritis
• Infectious (Inflammatory) Muscle Disease
• Extra pulmonary tuberculosis
• Summary of Special Implications for the Therapist.

MUSCULOSKELETAL NEOPLASMS

• Primary Tumors
• Primary Benign Bone Tumours
• Primary Malignant Bone Tumours
• Multiple Myeloma
• Primary Soft Tissue Tumours
• Metastatic Tumours.

SOFT TISSUE, JOINT AND BONE DISORDERS

• Soft Tissue
• Joint
• Bone.

PATHOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM INTRODUCTION TO CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS

• Overview
• Pathogenesis
• Clinical Manifestations
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
• Prognosis.

INFECTIOUS DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Overview
• Meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Brain Abscess
• Prion Disease.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS

• Primary Brain Tumours
• Specific Primary Brain Tumours
• Primary IntraspinalTumours
• Metastatic Tumours
• Paraneoplastic Syndromes
• Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis
• Pediatric Tumours.

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheimer's Dementia, and Variants
• Dystonia
• Huntington's Disease
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease

STROKE

• Stroke
• Vascular Disorders of the Spinal Cord.

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY G +VE COCCI

• Staphylococci
• Streptococci.

G -VE COCCI

• Nessessia.

G +VE SPORE FORMING RODS

• Bacillies
• Clostridia
• G –ve rods (introduction to Enterics)

ACID FAST BACILLI

• Mycobacteria.

SPIROCHETES

• Introduction
• Treponemes.

BASIC VIROLOGY

• General characteristics
• Viral structure
• Nomenclature and classification.

MYCOLOGY

• Introduction to mycology.

PARASITOLOGY

• Introduction to protozoan.

LAB WORK

• To study the microscope
• To study the calcification
• To study the osteogenic sarcoma
• To study the granulation tissue
• To study the chronic inflammation (cholecystitis)
• To study the acute inflammation (appendicitis)
• To study Fibroedenoma
• To study the carcinoma of breast
• To study the actinomycosis
• To study the culture media
• To study the gram staining
• To study the Z-N staining
• To study the giant cell tumour
• Examination of urine.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Pathology: implications for the Physical therapist by: Catherine Cavallaro Goodman, 4th edition
2. Basics &advanced Human Pathology by Robbins 9th edition Lecture notes on Pathology by Thomas and Cotton Published by Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford
3. General Pathology by Lord Horward Florey 4th edition by Lloyd Luke (Medical Books) Ltd
4. Medical Microbiology and Immunology By: Levinson and Jawetz, 9th Ed., Mc Graw-Hill.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DISCRIPTION

This course covers the brief overview of the cellular & molecular biology, membrane physiology, introduction to molecular medicine and gene therapy, nuclear transplantation, gene therapy for neurological disorders, gene therapy for musculoskeletal disorders and the concept of molecular medicine in physical therapy. This course has been designed to address a more in depth study of biology of inheritance and inheritance patterns. This course focuses on classical Mendelian genetics, the DNA molecule and molecular genetics, and population genetics. The course also covers Human genome and Molecular Pathology.

COURSE CONTENTS BRIEF REVIEW OF CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

• Structure and Functions of Cell, Nucliec Acid, Chromosomes & Proteins

INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR MEDICINE AND GENE THERAPY

• Introduction Genetic Manifestations of Molecular Medicine
• Gene Therapy and Patterns of Gene Expression
• Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine
• Gene Therapy: Current Basic Science Issues
• Human Gene Therapy: Current Status and Basic Science

GENE THERAPY FOR NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS:

• Introduction Sorting Out the Complexity of the Nervous System
• What Goes Wrong in Neurological Disorders
• Neurotophic Factors and Gene Therapy Neural Transplants and Stem Cells Clinical Neurodegenerative Conditions Clinical Trials Testing Genetically Modified Cells and Neurotrophic Factors for Neurodegeneration: Stem Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injuries Future Considerations and Issues

GENE THERAPY FOR MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

• Bone
• Introduction:
• Regulatory Factors in Bone
• Development and Regeneration:
• Cells for Gene Therapy Strategies Directed Towards Bone Regeneration
• In Vivo& Ex Vivo Gene Therapy Strategies for Bone
• Clinical Trials for Bone Replacement
• Ligament and Tendon:
• Introduction
• Ligament and Tendon Growth Factors
• Cells for Gene Therapy Strategies Directed Towards Ligament Regeneration
• In Vivo &Ex VivoGene Therapy Strategies to Intact Ligament and Tendon
• Gene Therapy Strategies for Lacerated Tendon Repair, promote Osseo-Integration of Tendon Grafts
• Clinical Trials for Ligament and Tendon Replacement:
• Cartilage:
• Introduction
• Growth Factors and Cytokines for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration
• Cells for Gene Therapy Strategies Directed Towards Cartilage Regeneration
• Gene Delivery Strategies for Cartilage Repair and Regeneration
• Dose Dependency Detected with Cartilage Gene Therapies
• Therapeutic Effects by Transfected Cells on Distal Joints
• Transfected Xenogenic Cells for Cartilage Repair
• Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Gene Therapy
• Intervertebral Disc
• Introduction
• The Biology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
• Application of Gene Therapy in Intervertebral Disc
• In Vivo& Ex Vivo Gene Therapy Strategies
• Clinical Trials for Intervertebral Disc
• Muscles
• Introduction
• The Molecular Basis of Myopathies
• In Vivo& Ex Vivo Gene Therapy
• Strategies in Myopathies
• Clinical Trials in Myopathies
• Gene Therapy: Ethical Issues at the Policy Level

A brief introduction to following topics

• The chemistry of Dna
• Dna replication and recombination
• Transcription, translation and protein synthesis
• Cell-based Dna cloning
• Nucleic acid hybridization assays:
• Pcr, dna sequencing and in vitro mutagenesis:
• Organization of the human genome:
• Human gene expression:
• Instability of the human genome:
• Mutation and dna repair:
• Physical and transcript mapping:

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Molecular Medicine: Genomics to Personalized Healthcare, 3rdEdition by R. Trent. (Published in 2005 by Academic Press).
2. Principles of Molecular Medicine, 2ndEdition by Marschall S. Runge and Cam Patterson. (Published in 2006 by Humana Press).
3. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience, 2nd Edition by Eric J. Nestler, Steven E. Hyman and Robert C. Malenka. (Published in 2008 by McGraw-Hill Professional).
4. Molecular Medicine: An Introductory Text, 3rdEdition by R. J. Trent.(Published in 2005 by Academic Press).
5. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 5thEdition by Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian

SUPERVISED CLINICAL PRACTICE-II

CREDIT HOURS 3(0-3)

SYSTEMS REVIEW

COURSE DESCRIPTION

During this supervised clinical practice, students are responsible for learning the skills of systems review and validate the need for physical therapy services. Students learn to objectively review each system under the supervision of trained physical therapists. Students become familiar with performance of these skills in all settings (inpatient and outpatient) as well as on all types of patients (surgical, non-surgical, pediatric, geriatric, etc.) Student is required to keep a performance record of all listed competencies and successfully perform on real patients during the final evaluation of the course.

CLINICAL COMPETENCIES

• Perform review of systems to determine the need for referral or for physical therapy services.
• Systems review screening includes the following.

GENERAL HEALTH CONDITION

• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Fever/chills/sweats
• Nausea/vomiting
• Dizziness/lightheadedness
• Unexplained weight change
• Numbness/Paresthesia
• Weakness
• Mentation/cognition.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Dyspnea
• Orthopnea
• Palpitations
• Pain/sweats
• Syncope
• Peripheral edema
• Cough.

PULMONARY SYSTEM

• Dyspnea
• Onset of cough
• Change in cough
• Sputum
• Hemoptysis
• Clubbing of nails
• Stridor
• Wheezing.

GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

• Difficulty with swallowing
• Heartburn, indigestion
• Change in appetite
• Change in bowel function

URINARY SYSTEM

• Frequency Urgency Incontinence.

GENITAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MALE

Describe any sexual dysfunction, difficulties, or concerns.

FEMALE

Describe any sexual or menstrual dysfunction, difficulties, or problems.

RECOGNITION OF RED AND YELLOW FLAGS

• Initiate referral when positive signs and symptoms identified in the review of systems are beyond the specific skills or expertise of the physical therapist or beyond the scope of physical therapist practice
• Consult additional resources, as needed, including other physical therapists, evidence-based literature, other health care professionals, and community resources
• Screen for physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.

CARDIOVASCULAR AND PULMONARY SYSTEMS

• Conduct a systems review for screening of the cardiovascular and pulmonary system (heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, blood pressure, edema)
• Read a single lead EKG.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Conduct a systems review for screening of the integumentary system, the assessment of pliability (texture), presence of scar formation, skin color, and skin integrity.

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

• Conduct a systems review for screening of musculoskeletal system, the assessment of gross symmetry, gross range of motion, gross strength, height and weight.

NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM

• Conduct a systems review for screening of the neuromuscular system, a general assessment of gross coordinated movement function (motor control and motor learning).
• Note Documentation of all listed competencies in SOAP notes format.

DPT SEMESTER 7TH

MEDICINE-I

CREDIT HOURS 3(3-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course intends to familiarize students with medical terminology and abbreviations for efficient and effective chart reviewing and documentation. It also explores systemic diseases, focusing on epidemiology, pathology, histology, etiology, as well as primary and secondary clinical characteristics and their management.

COURSE CONTENTS

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES CARDIAC DISEASES

• Chest pain
• Dyspnoea
• Palpitation
• Peripheral edema
• Syncope
• Cardiac failure
• Acute pulmonary edema
• Cardiogenic shock
• Systemic hypertension
• Ischemic heart disease
• Angina pectoris
• Unstable angina
• Myocardial infarction
• Rheumatic fever
• Valvular heart diseases
• Congenital heart diseases
• Ventricular septic defect
• Atrial septal defect
• Pulmonary heart disease
• Pericardial disease
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Cardiac arrhythmias and heart in pregnancy.

VASCULAR DISEASES

• Arteriosclerosis Acute & Chronic ischemia of leg
• Aortic aneurysm
• Buerger‘s disease
• Raynaud‘s disease
• Varicose veins
• Venous thrombosis.

RHEUMATOLOGY AND BONE DISEASES: ARTHRITIS

• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Connective tissue diseases
• Arthritis in elderly
• Arthritis in children,
• Seronegative
• spondyloarthropathies
• Crystals deposition disease
• Arthritis associated with other diseases.

BACK PAIN

• Back Pain due to serious disease Inflammatory
• Back Pain Disc disease
• Mechanical problems
• Soft tissues problems
• Psychogenic Back Pain
• Nonspecific Back Pain
• Neck pain.

SOFT TISSUE RHEUMATISM: BONE DISEASES

• Paget‘s disease
• Infections of bones
• Neoplastic disease
• Skeletal dysplasia
• Other hereditary diseases.

RESPIRATORY DISEASES DISEASES OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Common cold

Sinusitis

Rhinitis

Pharangitis

Acute laryngeo-trcheobronchitis

Influenza

Inhalation of the foreign bodies.

DISEASE OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

Acute & chronic Bronchitis

Bronchiectasis

Cystic fibrosis

Asthma

Emphysema

Pneumonias

Tuberculosis

Pulmonary fibrosis

Radiation damage

Common tumours of the lungs

Respiratory failure

Adult distress respiratory syndrome

Disorders of chest wall and pleura

Chest trauma

Deformities of rib cage

Dry pleurisy

Pleural effusion

Empyema

Pneumothorax.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Practice of medicine by: Davidson.
2. Clinical medicine by: Parveen j Kumar & Michael Clark.
3. Short text book of medicine by: M. Inam Danish.
4. Hutchison's clinical methods by: Michael swash. 21st edition. Bed side techniques.

SURGERY-I

CREDIT HOURS 3(3-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course intends to familiarize the students with principles of othopaedic surgery along with detail description of surgical terminologies and abbreviations for efficient and effective chart reviewing and documentation. It also explores various orthopaedic conditions needing surgical attention, focusing on epidemiology, pathology, as well as primary and secondary clinical characteristics and their surgical management.

COURSE CONTENTS

ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY FRACTURES

• Definition
• Classification
• Causes
• Clinical features
• Healing of fractures
• Complications
• Principles of general management of
• Fracture of the Upper Extremity
• Fracture of the Lower Extremity
• Fracture of the vertebral column, thorax and pelvis
• Basic and advanced trauma life support.

DISLOCATIONS & SUBLUXATIONS

• Definition Traumatic dislocation
• General description
• Principles of general description & management of traumatic dislocation/subluxation of;
• Shoulder joint
• Acromioclavicular jointo
• Elbow joint
• Hip joint
• Knee joint.

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

• Introduction Anatomy & physiology
• General description and management of injuries of:
• Ligaments
• Tendons
• Muscles
• Fascia
• Bursae
• Detailed description of physiotherapy management of individual tissue injuries around:
• Shoulder region
• Elbow region
• Wrist and hand region
• Knee region
• Ankle region
• Muscles and tendons injuries of upper and lower limb
• Cervico-lumber injuries
• Whiplash of the cervical spine
• Crush injuries
• Spinal pain
• Degenerative and Inflammatory Conditions:
• Osteo-orthosis/Arthritis
• Spondylosis
• Spondylolysis
• Pyogenic arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Juvenile arthritis
• Tuberculosis arthritis
• Gouty arthritis
• Haemophilic arthritis
• Neuropathic arthritis
• Ankylosing spondylitis
• Psoriatic arthritis.

GENERAL ORTHOPEDIC DISORDERS

• Carpel tunnel syndrome
• Compartment syndromes
• Muscular dystrophies
• Neuropathies
• Avascular necrosis of bone in adult and children
• Ischemic contracture
• Gangrene
• Rickets
• Osteoporosis and osteomalacia
• Shoulder pain
• Neck pain
• Knee pain
• Backache
• Painful conditions around elbow Detailed description of:
• Orthotics
• Prosthetics
• Splintage
• Traction

POP TUMOURS

• Classification
• Principles of general management
• General description of benign and malignant tumors of musculoskeletal system

DEFORMITIES AND ANOMALIES

• Definition
• Causes
• Classification
• Congenital and acquired deformities
• Physical and clinical and radiological features
• Complications
• Principles of medical and surgical management of the deformities
• General description of following deformities.

DEFORMITIES OF THE SPINE

• Torticolis
• Scoliosis
• Kyphosis
• Lordosis
• Flat back.

DEFORMITIES OF THE LOWER LIMB

• CDH
• Coxavera
• Coxavalga
• Anteversion
• Retroversion
• Genu valgum
• Genu varum
• Genu recurvatum
• CDK
• Talipescalcaneous equines,
• varus& valgus
• Talipescalcaneovarus
• Talipescalcaneovalgus
• Talipesequinovarus
• Pescavus
• Pesplanus
• Hallux valgus &varum,
• Hallux rigidus and hammer toe.

DEFORMITIES OF SHOULDER AND UPPER LIMB

• Sprengels shoulder
• Cubitusvarum
• Cubitusvalgum
• Deputryn‘s contracture.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

• Short practice of surgery by Baily and Love‘s.
• Text Book of Surgery by Ijaz Ahsan.
• Outline of Fractures.

RADIOLOGY & DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING

CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course covers the study of common diagnostic and therapeutic imaging tests. At the end of the course students will be aware of the indications and implications of commonly used diagnostic imaging tests as they pertain to patient ‘s management.

COURSE CONTENTS

FROM THE WATCHING OF SHADOWS

• History
• A New Kind of Ray
• How a Medical Image Helps
• What Imaging Studies Reveal
• Radiography (x-rays)
• Fluoroscopy
• Computed Tomography (CT)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Ultrasound
• Endoscopy.

RADIOGRAPHY AND MAMMOGRAPHY

• Equipment components
• Procedures for Radiography & Mammography
• Benefits versus Risks and Costs
• Indications and contraindications.

FLUOROSCOPY

Fluoroscopy

Equipment used for fluoroscopy

Indications and Contra indications

How it helps in diagnosis

The Findings in Fluoroscopy

Benefits versus Risks and Costs

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)

Computed Tomography

Equipment used for Computed Tomography

Indications and Contra indications

How it helps in diagnosis

The Findings in Computed Tomography

Benefits versus Risks and Costs

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)

MRI

Equipment used for MRI

Indications and Contra indications

How it helps in diagnosis

The Findings in MRI

Benefits versus Risks and Costs

Functional MRI.

ULTRASOUND

What is Ultrasound?

Equipment used for Ultrasound

Indications and Contra indications

How it helps in diagnosis

The Findings in Ultrasound

Benefits versus Risks and Costs.

ENDOSCOPY

Endoscopy

Equipment used for Endoscopy

Indications and Contra indications

How it helps in diagnosis

The Findings in Endoscopy

Benefits versus Risks and Costs.

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

Nuclear Medicine

Equipment used for Nuclear Medicine

Indications and Contra indications

How it helps in diagnosis.

Benefits versus Risks and Costs.

INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Looking Within (How X-ray, CT, MRI, Ultrasound and Other Medical Images Created and How They Help Physicians Save Lives) by Anthony Brinton Wolbarst.

A–Z of Musculoskeletal and Trauma Radiology By: James R. D. Murray.

Essentials of Radiology by Fred. A. Mettler, 2nd edition.

Imaging in rehabilitation, By: Terry. R. Malone, Charles Hazle& Michael L. Grey. McGraw Hill Publishers.

MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSICAL THERAPY

CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course includes a study of applied anatomy and physiology of the musculoskeletal system and pathological changes of the system and function, including diagnostic tests and measurements. The use of evidence-based physical therapy intervention for musculoskeletal conditions will be emphasized. The course will focus on medical terminologies, clinical examination, evaluation, comparing contemporary, traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in the area of musculoskeletal physical therapy

COURSE CONTENTS

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY REGARDING MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMPRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL EVALUATION & ASSESSMENT

• Patient history
• Observation
• Examination
• Principles
• Vital signs
• Examination of specific joints
• Functional assessment
• Specific diagnostic test
• Reflexes and cutaneous distribution
• Joint play movements
• Palpation Evaluation /Assessment of spine and peripheral joints
• Causes Effects of range limitation on functional activities
• Principles of assessment and outcome measures
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based musculoskeletal
• Physical Therapy Treatment protocols
• PRINCIPLES OF INTERVENTION SOFT TISSUE INJURY, REPAIR, AND MANAGEMENT
• Soft tissue lesions
• Management during the acute stage
• Management during the sub-acute
• Management during the chronic stage
• Cumulative trauma–chronic recurring pain

JOINT, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, AND BONE DISORDERS AND MANAGEMENT

• Arthritis–arthrosis
• Fibromyalgia
• Myofascial pain syndrome
• Osteoporosis
• Fractures–post-traumatic
• Immobilization.

SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS AND POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

• Indications for surgical intervention
• Guidelines for preoperative and Postoperative management; considerations for preoperative management, considerations for postoperative management, complications potential postoperative
• Overview of common orthopedic surgeries and postoperative management;
• Surgical approaches–open
• Arthroscopic, and arthroscopically assisted procedures
• Use of tissue grafts, repair, reattachment, reconstruction, stabilization, or transfer of soft tissues, release, lengthening, or decompression of Soft tissues.

EXERCISE INTERVENTIONS BY BODY REGION THE SPINE AND POSTURE: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, POSTURAL IMPAIRMENTS & MANAGEMENT GUIDELINESPOSTURE AND BIOMECHANICAL INFLUENCES

Alignment Stability.

IMPAIRED POSTURE

Etiology of pain Common faulty postures: characteristics and Impairments.

MANAGEMENT OF IMPAIRED POSTURE

• General management guidelines
• Tension headache/cervical headache.

THE SPINE: IMPAIRMENTS, DIAGNOSES, & MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES

• Review of the structure and function of the spine.

SPINAL PATHOLOGIES AND IMPAIRED SPINAL FUNCTION

• Pathology of the intervertebral disk
• Pathomechanical relationships of the intervertebral disk and facet joints
• Pathology of the zygapophyseal (facet)
• Pathology of muscle and soft tissue injuries: strains, tears, and contusions
• Pathomechanics of spinal instability.

MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES BASED ON IMPAIRMENTS

• Principles of management for the Spine Management guidelines
• Non-weight-bearing bias Management guidelines
• Extension bias Management guidelines
• Flexion bias
• Management guidelines
• stabilization Management guidelines
• mobilization Management guidelines
• soft tissue injuries Management Guidelines
• Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction.

THE SPINE: EXERCISEINTERVENTIONS

• Basic concepts of spinal management with exercise
• Fundamental interventions \
• Patient education
• General exercise guidelines
• Kinesthetic awareness
• Elements of kinesthetic training
• fundamental techniques
• Progression to active and habitual control of Posture Mobility/flexibility
• Cervical and upper thoracic Region
• Stretching techniques Mid and lower thoracic and lumbar Regions
• Stretching techniques Muscle performance: stabilization, muscle endurance, and strength training
• Stabilization training
• fundamental techniques and Progressions
• Isometric and dynamic exercises
• Cardiopulmonary endurance
• Common aerobic exercises and effects on the spine
• Functional activities Early functional training
• Fundamental techniques
• Preparation for functional activities–basic exercise
• Techniques
• Body mechanics and environmental adaptations
• Intermediate to advanced exercise techniques for Functional training
• Education for prevention.

THE SHOULDER AND SHOULDER GIRDLE

• Examination
• evaluation and assessment of shoulder joint
• Referred pain and nerve injury
• Management of shoulder disorders and surgeries Joint
• Hypomobility: non-operative management
• Glenohumeral joint surgery and postoperative management
• Painful shoulder syndromes (rotator cuff disease, impingement syndromes, shoulder instabilities): Non-operative management
• Painful shoulder syndromes: surgery and postoperative management Shoulder dislocations: non-operative managementShoulder instabilities: surgery and post-operative management
• Exercise interventions for the shoulder Girdle
• Exercise Techniques During Acute And Early Subacute Stages of tissue healing
• Exercise techniques to increase flexibility and range of motion
• Exercises to develop and improve muscle performance and functional control.

THE ELBOW & FOREARM COMPLEX

• Examination
• evaluation and assessment of elbow and forearm complex
• Referred pain and nerve injury in the elbow region
• Management of elbow and forearm disorders and surgeries
• Joint Hypomobility: nonoperative management
• Joint surgery and postoperative management
• Myositis ossificans
• Overuse syndromes: repetitive trauma syndromes
• Exercise interventions for the elbow and Forearm
• Exercise techniques to increase flexibility
• Range of Motion Exercises to develop and improve muscle performance and functional.

THE WRIST & HAND

• Examination
• Evaluation and assessment of wrist and hand
• Major nerves subject to pressure and trauma at the Wrist and hand Management of wrist and hand disorders And surgeries Joint
• Hypomobility: non-operative management Joint surgery and postoperative management
• Repetitive trauma syndromes/overuse
• Traumatic lesions in the wrist and hand
• Exercise interventions for the wrist and Hand
• Techniques for musculotendinous mobility Exercise techniques to increase flexibility and range Of motion Exercises to develop and improve muscle Performance, neuromuscular control, and coordination.

THE HIP

• Examination, evaluation and assessment of hip joint
• The hip and gait
• Referred pain and nerve injury
• Management of hip disorders and surgeries Joint
• Hypomobility: non-operative management
• Joint surgery and post-operative management
• Fractures of the hip
• Surgical and postoperative management
• Painful hipsyndromes/overuse syndromes:
• non-operative management
• Exercise interventions for the hip region
• Exercise techniques to increase flexibility and range of motion
• Exercises to develop and improve muscle performance and functional control.

THE KNEE

• Examination, evaluation and assessment of knee joint
• Referred pain and nerve injuries
• Management of knee disorders and surgeries Joint
• Hypomobility: non-operative management
• Joint surgery and post-operative management
• Patellofemoral dysfunction: non-operative management
• Patellofemoral and extensor mechanism dysfunction:
• Surgical and postoperative management Ligament injuries: non-operative management
• Ligament injuries: surgical and postoperative Management
• Meniscal tears: non-operative management
• Meniscal tears: surgical and postoperative management
• Exercise interventions for the knee
• Exercise techniques to increase flexibility and range of motion
• Exercises to develop and improve muscle performance and functional control.

THE ANKLE & FOOT

• Examination, evaluation and assessment of ankle and foot joint
• Referred pain and nerve injury
• Management of foot and ankle disorders and surgeries Joint
• Hypomobility: non-operative management
• Joint surgery and post-operative management
• Overuse (repetitive trauma) syndromes: non-operative management
• Ligamentous injuries: non-operative management
• Traumatic soft tissue injuries: surgical and postoperative management
• Exercise interventions for the ankle and foot
• Exercise techniques to increase flexibility and range of motion
• Exercises to develop and improve muscle performance and functional control

LAB WORK

• The practical training will be sought in physiotherapy treatment based settings. Keeping in view therapeutic principles, management of various pre and post-operative conditions will be practiced under supervision and later independently by the students, the practical work might include Therapeutic Management of conditions of spine, and extremities.
• Reflective clinical case studies
• Supervised and independent Practical application of therapeutic techniques on patients in outdoor and indoor physiotherapy treatment settings.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Therapeutics Exercises and Technique, By: Carolyn Kisner& Lynn Allen Colby 4th 5th edition.
2. Therapeutics Exercises: Techniques for Intervention By: Willim D.Banddy.
3. Clinical decision making in therapeutic exercise By: Patricia e. Sullivan & prudence d. Markos, Appleton & Lange Norwalk, Connecticut. Hertling, D, and Kessler RM.
4. Management of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders: Physical Therapy Principles and Methods. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders 1995.
5. Physical Rehablitations Assessments and Treatment”. By Susan B,O‘Sullivan&Thomas J. Schmitz, 4th edition. Tidy’s Physiotherapy by Thomas A Skinner & Piercy.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

• COURSE DESCRIPTION
• This course includes discussion on basic quantitative methods and designs, including concepts of reliability and validity, interpretation of inferential statistics related to research designs, co relational statistic & designs, interclass correlation coefficients, and critical appraisal of the literature.

COURSE CONTENTS

RESEARCH FUNDAMENTALS

• Research in physical therapy and rehabilitation
• Role, importance, principles and application of Ethics in Rehabilitation research.
• Basic vs applied research
• Research Problems / Questions, and Hypotheses, Research Paradigms, Research Validity and reliability.

SAMPLING

• Discuss Selection of sample: sample & population, basic considerations in sampling, determination of sample size, elimination of sampling bias and types of sampling such as
• Random sampling
• Stratified random sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Systematic sampling.

RESEARCH DESIGN

• Describe different research designs
• Differentiate between experimental & non-experimental, qualitative and quantitative and epidemiological research designs.
• Discuss different research methodologies used in experimental, and non-experimental, qualitative and qualitative and epidemiological research designs

RESEARCH PROJECT

• Discuss various components of research synopsis and Thesis
• Develop a Research Plan while taking into account, the ethical, legal and professional obligations

INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA COLLECTION

• Discuss, objectivity and standardization, types of tests and scales, validity and reliability of an instrument, assessment of validity and reliability, development of tests/scale

DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

• Analyze data
• Describe types of measurement scales, descriptive statistics and inferential statistic.
• Perform data entry and Analysis using statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

PREPARATION OF A RESEARCH REPORT

• Use Formatting & styling, citation, references & bibliography
• Differentiate theses writing, dissertations & journal articles writing.

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

• Describe scientific inquiry, Evidence based approach to scientific inquiry, Principles of scientific inquiry, the application of scientific inquiry to physical therapy.
• Access digital libraries and different research databases, Effective searching and reviewing literature material.
• Interpret Critical appraisal of published research in the areas of:
• Examination and Evaluation
• Diagnosis
• Prognosis
• Intervention
• Harm
• Interpret Critical evaluation of Randomized Control Trial (RCT), Systemic review, Diagnosis and screening tests, Case reports
• Discuss how to conduct clinical research and hierarchy of evidences in clinical researches

LAB WORK

• Literature review
• Selection of research topic & submission of research proposal

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Essentials of clinical research By Stephan P. Glasser.
2. Rehabilitation Research (Principles and Applications) 3rd Edition By Elizabeth Domholdt.

SUPERVISED CLINICAL PRACTICE – III

CREDITS HOURS 3 (0-3)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

• During this supervised clinical practice, students are responsible for successful execution of examination, evaluation, and interventions relating to musculoskeletal disorders. Students become familiar with performance of these skills in all settings (inpatient and outpatient) as well as on all types of conditions (surgical, non-surgical, pediatric and geriatric).
• Students learn to objectively perform these skills under the supervision of trained physical therapists. Student is required to keep a performance record of all listed competencies and successfully perform on real patients during the final evaluation of the course.

CLINCAL COMPETENCIES EXAMINATION

• Based on best available evidence select examination tests and measures that are appropriate for the patient/client.
• Perform posture tests and measures of postural alignment and positioning.
• Perform gait, locomotion and balance tests including quantitative and qualitative measures such as:
• Balance during functional activities with or without the use of assistive, adaptive, orthotic, protective, supportive, or prosthetic devices or equipment
• Balance (dynamic and static) with or without the use of assistive, adaptive, orthotic, protective, supportive, or prosthetic devices or equipment
• Gait and locomotion during functional activities with or without the use of assistive, adaptive, orthotic, protective, supportive, or prosthetic devices or equipment
• Bed mobility
• Transfers (level surfaces and floor)
• Wheelchair management
• Uneven surfaces
• Safety during gait, locomotion, and balance
• Perform gait assessment including step length, speed, characteristics of gait, and abnormal gait patterns.
• Characterize or quantify body mechanics during self-care, home management, work, community, tasks, or leisure activities.
• Characterize or quantify ergonomic performance during work (job/school/play)
• Dexterity and coordination during work
• Safety in work environment
• Specific work conditions or activities
• Tools, devices, equipment, and workstations related to work actions, tasks, or activities
• Characterize or quantify environmental home and work (job/school/play) barriers:
• Current and potential barriers
• Physical space and environment
• Community access
• Observe self-care and home management (including ADL and IADL)
• Measure and characterize pain to include: Pain, soreness, and nocioception
• Recognize and characterize signs and symptoms of inflammation.

PERFORM MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM TESTS AND MEASURES INCLUDING

• Accessory movement tests
• Anthropometrics
• Limb length
• Limb girth
• Body composition
• Functional strength testing
• Joint integrity
• Joint mobility
• Ligament laxity tests
• Muscle length
• Muscle strength including manual muscle testing
• Palpation
• Range of motion including goniometric measurements.

PERFORM ORTHOTIC TESTS AND MEASURES INCLUDING

• Components, alignment, fit, and ability to care for orthotic, protective, and supportive devices and equipment.
• Evaluate the need for orthotic, protective, and supportive devices used during functional activities.
• Activity limitations, and participation restrictions with use of orthotic, protective, and supportive device.
• Residual limb or adjacent segment, including edema, range of motion, skin integrity and strength.
• Safety during use of orthotic, protective, and supportive device.
• Perform prosthetic tests and measures including: Alignment, fit, and ability to care for prosthetic device. Prosthetic device use during functional activities.
• Remediation of impairments in body function and structure, activity limitations, and participation restrictions, with use of prosthetic device.
• Evaluation of residual limb or adjacent segment, including edema, range of motion, skin integrity, and strength. Safety during use of the prosthetic device.
• Perform tests and measures for assistive and adaptive devices including:
• Assistive or adaptive devices and equipment use during functional activities.
• Components, alignment, fit, and ability to care for the assistive or adaptive devices and equipment.
• Remediation of impairments in body function and structure, activity limitations, and participation restrictions with use of assistive or adaptive devices and equipment.
• Safety during use of assistive or adaptive equipment.

EVALUATION

• Clinical reasoning
• Clinical decision making
• Synthesize available data on a patient/client expressed in terms of the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) model to include body functions and structures, activities, and participation.
• Use available evidence in interpreting the examination findings.
• Verbalize possible alternatives when interpreting the examination findings.
• Cite the evidence (patient/client history, lab diagnostics, tests and measures and scientific literature) to support a clinical decision.

DIAGNOSIS

• Integrate the examination findings to classify the patient/client problem in terms of body functions and structures, and activities and participation (practice patterns in the Guide)
• Identify and prioritize impairments in body functions and structures, and activity limitations and participation restrictions to determine specific body function and structure, and activities and participation towards which the intervention will be directed.

PROGNOSIS

• Determine the predicted level of optimal functioning and the amount of time required to achieve that level.
• Recognize barriers that may impact the achievement of optimal functioning within a predicted time frame including:
• Age
• Medication(s)
• Socioeconomic status
• Co-morbidities
• Cognitive status
• Nutrition
• Social Support Environment.

PLAN OF CARE

• Goal setting
• Coordination of Care
• Progression of care
• Discharge
• Design a Plan of Care
• Write measurable functional goals (short-term and long-term) that are time referenced with expected outcomes.
• Consult patient/client and/or caregivers to develop a mutually agreed to plan of care. Identify patient/client goals and expectations.
• Identify indications for consultation with other professionals.
• Make referral to resources needed by the patient/client (assumes knowledge of referral sources).
• Select and prioritize the essential interventions that are safe and meet the specified functional goals and outcomes in the plan of care
• Identify precautions and contraindications
• Provide evidence for patient-centered interventions that are identified and selected
• Define the specificity of the intervention (time, intensity, duration, and frequency)
• Set realistic priorities that consider relative time duration in conjunction with family, caregivers, and other health care professionals.
• Establish criteria for discharge based on patient goals and current functioning and disability
• Coordination of Care Identify who needs to collaborate in the plan of care.
• Identify additional patient/client needs that are beyond the scope of physical therapist practice, level of experience and expertise, and warrant referral.
• Refer and discuss coordination of care with other health care professionals.
• Articulate a specific rational for a referral.
• Advocate for patient/client access to services.
• Progression of Care Identify outcome measures of progress relative to when to progress the patient further.
• Measure patient/client response to intervention.
• Monitor patient/client response to intervention.
• Modify elements of the plan of care and goals in response to changing patient/client status, as needed.
• Make on-going adjustments to interventions according to outcomes including environmental factors and personal factors and, medical therapeutic interventions.
• Make accurate decisions regarding intensity and frequency when adjusting interventions in the plan of care.
• Discharge Plan Re-examine patient/client if not meeting established criteria for discharge based on the plan of care.
• Differentiate between discharge of the patient/client, discontinuation of service, and transfer of care with reevaluation.
• Prepare needed resources for patient/client to ensure timely discharge, including follow-up care. Include patient/client and family/caregiver as a partner in discharge.
• Discontinue care when services are no longer indicated.
• When services are still needed, seek resources and/or consult with others to identify alternative resources that may be available.
• Determine the need for equipment and initiate requests to obtain.

INTERVENTIONS

• Safety, Emergency Care, CPR and First Aid
• Standard Precautions
• Body Mechanics
• Positioning
• Categories of Interventions
• Safety, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Emergency Care, First Aid
• Ensure patient safety and safe application of patient/client care.
• Perform first aid.
• Perform emergency procedures.
• Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
• Precautions
• Demonstrate appropriate sequencing of events related to universal precautions.
• Use Universal Precautions.
• Determine equipment to be used and assemble all sterile and non-sterile materials.
• Use transmission-based precautions.
• Demonstrate aseptic techniques.
• Apply sterile procedures.
• Properly discard soiled items.

BODY MECHANICS AND POSITIONING

• Apply proper body mechanics (utilize, teach, reinforce, and observe).
• Properly position, drape, and stabilize a patient/client when providing physical therapy.

INTERVENTIONS

• Coordination, communication, and documentation may include:
• Addressing required functions:
• Establish and maintain an ongoing collaborative process of decision-making with patients/clients, families, or caregivers prior to initiating care and throughout the provision of services.
• Discern the need to perform mandatory communication and reporting (eg, incident reports, patient advocacy and abuse reporting).
• Follow advance directives.
• Admission and discharge planning.
• Case management.
• Collaboration and coordination with agencies, including:
• Home care agencies Equipment Suppliers
• Schools
• Transportation agencies Payer groups
• Communication across settings, including:
• Case conferences
• Documentation
• Education plans
• Cost-effective resource utilization.
• Data collection, analysis, and reporting of: Outcome data
• Peer review findings Record reviews
• Documentation across settings, following APTA‘s Guidelines for Physical Therapy Documentation, including: Elements of examination, evaluation, diagnosis, prognosis, and Intervention
• Changes in body structure and function, activities and participation.
• Changes in interventions
• Outcomes of intervention Interdisciplinary teamwork:
• Patient/client family meetings
• Patient care rounds
• Case conferences
• Referrals to other professionals or resources.
• Patient/client-related instruction may include: Instruction, education, and training of patients/clients and caregivers regarding: Current condition, health condition, impairments in body structure and function, and activity limitations, and participation restrictions)
• Enhancement of performance
• Plan of care:
• Risk factors for health condition, impairments in body structure and function, and activity limitations, and participation restrictions.
• Preferred interventions, alternative interventions, and alternative modes of delivery
• Expected outcomes Health, wellness, and fitness programs (management of risk factors) Transitions across settings.

THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE MAY INCLUDE PERFORMING

• Body mechanics and postural stabilization:
• Body mechanics training
• Postural control training
• Postural stabilization activities
• Posture awareness training
• Flexibility exercises:
• Muscle lengthening
• Range of motion
• Stretching Gait and locomotion training:
• Developmental activities training
• Gait training Device training
• Perceptual training
• Basic wheelchair training
• Strength, power, and endurance training for head, neck, limb, and trunk
• Active assistive, active, and resistive exercises (including concentric, dynamic/isotonic, eccentric, isokinetic, isometric, and plyometric exercises)
• Aquatic programs
• Task-specific performance training
• Strength, power, and endurance training for pelvic floor: Active (Kegel) Strength, power, and endurance training for ventilatory muscles
• Active and resistive Manual therapy techniques may include: Passive range of motion
• Manual traction
• Mobilization/manipulation: Soft tissue (thrust and non-thrust)
• Spinal and peripheral joints (thrust and non-thrust)
• Functional training in self-care and home management may include:
• Functional training in work (job/school/play), community, and leisure integration or reintegration may include:
• Activities of daily living (ADL) training:
• Bed mobility and transfer
• training Age appropriate functional skills
• Barrier accommodations or modifications
• Device and equipment use and training:
• Assistive and adaptive device or equipment training during ADL (specifically for bed mobility and transfer training,
• gait and locomotion, and dressing)
• Orthotic, protective, or supportive device or equipment training during self-care and home management
• Prosthetic device or equipment training during ADL (specifically for bed mobility and transfer training, gait and locomotion, and dressing)
• Functional training programs
• Simulated environments and tasks
• Task adaptation Injury prevention or reduction:
• Safety awareness training during self-care and home management
• Injury prevention education during self-care and home management
• Injury prevention or reduction with use of devices and equipment
• Prescription, application, and, as appropriate, fabrication of devices and equipment may include:
• Adaptive devices Hospital beds Raised toilet seats Seating systems – prefabricated
• Assistive devices Canes Crutches Long-handled reachers
• Static and dynamic splints – prefabricated
• Walkers
• Wheelchairs
• Orthotic devices:
• Prefabricated braces
• Prefabricated shoe inserts
• Prefabricated splints
• Prosthetic devices (lower-extremity)
• Protective devices: Braces Cushions Helmets
• Protective taping Supportive devices:
• Prefabricated compression garments Corsets
• Elastic wraps
• Neck collars
• Slings
• Supplemental oxygen - apply and adjust Supportive taping
• Electrotherapeutic modalities may include: Biofeedback Electrotherapeutic deliveryofmedications(eg, iontophoresis)
• Electrical stimulation: Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS)
• Functional electrical stimulation (FES)
• High voltage pulsed current (HVPC)
• Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)
• Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
• Physical agents and mechanical modalities may include:
• Physical agents: Cryotherapy: Cold packs
• Ice massage
• Vapocoolant spray
• Hydrotherapy:
• Contrast bath Pools Whirlpool tanks
• Sound agents: Phonophoresis
• Ultrasound Thermotherapy
• Dry heat Hot packs
• Paraffin baths
• Mechanical modalities:
• Compression therapies (prefabricated)
• Compression garments:
• Skill Category Description of Minimum Skills
• Vasopneumatic compression devices
• Taping Compression bandaging (excluding lymphedema)
• Gravity-assisted compression devices:
• Standing frame
• Tilt table
• Mechanical motion devices:
• Continuous passive motion (CPM
• Traction devices
• Intermittent Positional Sustained
• Documentation of all listed competencies in SOAP notes format

DPT SEMESTER 8TH

NEUROLOGICAL PHYSICAL THERAPYCREDIT HOPURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course provides an in-depth exploration of the assessment and intervention procedures used with persons with various neurological pathologies. The focus of this course will be on neurological problems acquired in adulthood. Theories of motor control and motor learning will be studied and applied to assessment and treatment. Laboratories will be used to strengthen evaluation and intervention skills, especially the analysis of movement as well as planning, practicing, and modifying treatment. The format of this course includes lectures, discussions, laboratory experiences, problem-based learning activities, community based experiences, and patient-centred case study learning activities. There will also be contact with persons with neurological dysfunction as part of this course. Clinical competence in the evaluation and treatment of persons with neurological impairments is to be developed. Topics will focus on medical terminology, clinical examination, evaluation, comparing contemporary, traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in this area.

DETAILED COURSE OUT LINE: MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY REGARDING NEUROLOGICAL SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (BRIEF REVISION)

• Brain and Spinal cord
• CNS Support Structure
• Neuron
• PNS
• Spinal Level Reflexes

NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION

• History and System review
• Test and measures

INTERVENTIONS:

• Introduction to Theories of Neurological Rehabilitation
• Remediation & facilitation approaches
• Bobath-NDT
• Motor relearning program(MRP)
• Kabat, Knott, Voss (PNF)
• Constraint induced movement therapy (CIMT)
• Motor Control / Motor Learning Approach
• Neural plasticity/ adoptability and Balance
• Role of sensory system
• Skill acquisition
• Postural Control and Mobility Function
• Task-Related Training Approach
• Compensatory Training Approach
• Normal Reach, Grasp and Manipulation

NEUROLOGICAL DYSFUNCTIONS

• CVA (Stroke)
• Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
• Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
• Degenerative Diseases (Progressive CNS disorders)
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
• Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
• Post Polio Syndrome (PPS)
• Cerebellar Disorders
• Vestibular Disorder
• Cranial Nerves Disorders
• Poly Neuropathies

NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERSCASE HISTORIES

• Principles of assessment and outcome measures
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based neurological Physical Therapy Treatment protocols

Practical/ Clinical Training:In the laboratory sessions, neurological physiotherapy skills will bedemonstrated and practiced. Various reflective case studies related to theneurological rehabilitation will be assigned to the students.Note:

The students are expected to make a record of his/her achievements in the log book. The log book is a collection of evidence that learning has taken place. It is a reflective record of achievements. The log book shall also contain a record of the procedures which student would have performed/observed. This log book will be an integral part of the Physiotherapy in Practice I and Physiotherapy in Practice II.Recommended Text Books:

1. Neurological Physiotherapy Bases of evidence for practice Treatment and management of patients described by specialist clinicians byCecily Partridge
2. Neurological Physiotherapy A problem-solving approach By Susan Edwards, second edition.
3. Neurologic examination By Robert j. Schwartzman, first edition

SURGERY IICREDIT HOURS3(3-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course intends to familiarize students with principles othopaedic surgery along with familiarization with terminology and abbreviations for efficient and effective chart reviewing and documentation. It also explores various orthopaedic conditions needing surgical attention, focusing on epidemiology, pathology, as well as primary and secondary clinical characteristics and their surgical management. The purpose of this course is to make physiotherapy students aware of various surgical conditions so these can be physically managed effectively both pre as well as postoperativelyDETAILED COURSE OUTLINE:GENERAL SURGERY

• Introduction
• Indications for surgery
• Types of incisions
• Wounds, types of wounds, factors affecting wounds healing, care of wounds,Bandages and dressing + Trauma and metabolic response to trauma
• Detailed description of chest and abdominal trauma, Hemorrhage, hemostasis and blood transfusion
• Classification and brief description of shock
• Fluid and electrolyte balance. Classification of body fluid changes
• Pre, intra and post operative fluid therapy
• Surgery and diabetes
• Burns and grafts
• Neoplasia
• Preoperative assessment & preparation + Post operative treatment, complications and their management
• Types of anaesthesia -> Local anaesthetic agents,Regional anaesthesia (spinal and epidural)
• Intravenous anaesthetic agents, Muscle relaxants, Inhalational anaesthetic agents, Anaesthesia and associated diseases, Complications of anaesthesia.Recovery from anaesthesia
• Perioperative management. Pain management and postoperative care
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. CPR
• Ulcers, sinuses and fistulas
• Transplantation
• Brief description of operation performed on: oesophagus, stomach, intestine gall bladder, bile duct, spleen, pancreas, liver, abdominal wall, hernias, breast, kidneys, ureters, prostate, peritoneum, mesentery and retroperitoneal space.

THORACIC SURGERYPULMONARY SURGERY

• Introduction-> types of incision, types of operation,complications of pulmonary surgery, drains, tubes, pneumonectomy, lobectomy, thoracoplasty
• Operations on pleura
• Chest injuries
• Brief description of indication for pulmonary surgery
• Diseases of chest wall and pleura, Diseases of bronchi, Tumors of lung, Lung abscess, Hydatid disease of lung, Pulmonary embolism, Mediastinal masses, Problems related to diaphragm

CARDIAC SURGERY

• Introduction
• Cardiorespiratory resuscitation
• Special investigation procedures in cardiac surgery
• Basic techniques in cardiac surgery -> Types of incisions, Types of operation, Complications of cardiac surgery, Lines, drains and tubes
• Brief description of indications for cardiac surgery
• Heart dieseases -> Congenital heart disease, Acquired heart diseases, Diseases of the pericardium, Cardiac transplantation

VASCULAR SURGERY

Introduction

• Investigation in vascular disease types of operation
• Indication and Complications for vascular surgery
• Brief description of arterial occlusion.
• Gangrene -> Detailed description of amputation, Aneurysm, Burgers diseaseRaynaud’s disease and syndrome, Varicose veins
• Superficial and deep venous thrombosis, Venous hemorrhage
• Lymph edema, Lymph adenitis and lymphomas

NEUROSURGERYCRANIAL SURGERY

Introduction

• Special investigation in brain diseases and traumas
• Types of operations, indications and complications of cranial surgery
• Head injuries to the brain -> Acute intracranial hematomas, Fractures of the skull, Intra cranial abscess, Intracranial tumors, Intra cranial aneurysm and hydrocephalus

SURGERY OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN SPINAL CORD AND PERIPHERAL NERVES

• Dislocation and management of dislocation of vertebral column
• Tumors of vertebral column
• Prolapse intervertebral disc, Disc protrusion, Spondylosis and spondylolisthesis
• Spinal cord injuries and their management
• Tumors of spinal cord types of operations performed on nerves
• Nerve injuries and their surgical management
• Brief description of lesions of cranial and spinal nerves and their management

Recommended Text Books:

1. Short practice of surgery by Baily and Love’s Text Book of Surgery by IjazAhsan
2. Outline of Fractures by davidhamblen, Hamish Simpsons
3. Outline of orthopedics. by davidhamblen, Hamish Simpsons
4. Apley’s systems of orthopedics and fractures by Louis Solomon 9thed, publisher holder Arnold

MEDICINE IICREDIT HOURS 3(3-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course intends to familiarize students with medical terminology and abbreviations for efficient and effective chart reviewing and documentation. It also explores select systemic diseases, focusing on epidemiology, pathology, histology, etiology, as well as primary and secondary clinical characteristics and their management. Discusses and integrates subsequent medical and surgical management to formulate appropriate intervention indications, precautions and contraindicationsDETAILED COURSE OUTLINE:

DERMATOLOGY

• Introduction to disorders and diseases -> Acne vulgaris, Psoriasis, Boils, Carbuncles, Alopecia, Mycosis fungoides, Polymorphic light eruptions, Vitilogo, Pityriasis, Hyperhydrosis

DISEASES OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD:

• Common neurological symptoms
• Neurological examination
• The brain death -> Stroke, types of stroke, Parkinson’s disease, Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, Infective and Inflammatory diseases, Intracranial tumors, Hydrocephalus, Headache, Migraine, Facial pain, Head injury
• Motor neuron disease
• Diseases of spinal cord
• Diseases of nerves (Cranial and peripheral)
• Diseases of voluntary muscles and of neuromuscular junction
• Sleep, Unconsciousness and Comma

RENAL DISEASES

• Glomerulonephritis
• Acute nephritic syndrome
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Urinary tract infection
• Renal hypertension, Renal failure
• Benign enlargement of prostate gland, Prostatic carcinoma

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD:

• Anaemia -> Brief description of types of Anaemia
• Brief description of Bleeding and Coagulation, only Haemophilia and Thrombosis

MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES:

• Brief description of Diabetes Mellitus and its complications
• Detailed description of Diabetic Neuropathy and Diabetic foot
• Steroid induced Myopathy

Recommended Text Books:

1. Practice of medicine by: Davidson
2. Clinical medicine by: Parveen j Kumar & Michael Clark
3. Short text book by medicine by: M. Inam Danish
4. Hutchison's clinical methodsby: Michael swash. 21st edition
5. Bed side techniques.

BIOSTATISTICS CREDIT HOURS 3(3-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

It involves selection of appropriate statistical techniques to address questions of medical relevance; select and apply appropriate statistical techniques for managing common types of medical data; use various software packages for statistical analysis and data management; interpret the results of statistical analyses and critically evaluate the use of statistics in the medical literature; communicate effectively with statisticians and the wider medical community, in writing and orally through presentation of results of statistical analyses; explore current and anticipated developments in medical statistics.COURSE CONTENTSSTATISTICS

• Define Statistics, Population, sample Descriptive and inferential
• Statistics, Observations, Data, Discrete and continuous variables, Errors of measurement, Significant digits, Rounding of a Number,
• Collection of primary and secondary data, Sources, Editing of Data.

PRESENTATION OF DATA

• Introduction, basic principles of classification and Tabulation,
• Constructing of a frequency distribution, Relative and Cumulative frequency distribution, Diagrams, Graphs and their Construction, Bar charts, Pie chart, Histogram, Frequency polygon and Frequency curve, Cumulative
• Frequency Polygon or Ogive, Histogram, Ogive for Discrete Variable. Types of frequency curves.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

• Explain Different types of Averages, Quantiles, The Mode, Empirical Relation between Mean, Median and mode, Relative Merits and Demerits of various Averages. Properties of Good Average, Box and Whisker Plot, Stem and Leaf Display, definition of outliers and their detection.

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

• Describe Absolute and relative measures, Range, The semi-Interquartile Range, The Mean Deviation, The Variance and standard deviation, Change of origin and scale, Interpretation of the standard Deviation, Coefficient of variation, Properties of variance and standard Deviation, Standardized variables, Moments and Moments ratios.

PROBABILITY AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

• Define Discrete And Continuous Distributions: Binomial, Poisson And Normal Distribution.

SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

• Describe sample design and sampling frame, bias, sampling and non-sampling errors, sampling with and without replacement, Probability and non-probability sampling, Sampling distributions for single mean and proportion, Difference of means and proportions.

TESTING OF HYPTHESIS:

• Introduction, Statistical problem, null and alternative hypothesis, Type-I and Type-II errors, level of significance, Test statistics, acceptance and rejection regions, general procedure for testing of hypothesis.

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS- SINGLE POPULATION:

• Introduction, testing of hypothesis and confidence interval about the population mean and proportion for small and large samples.

TESTING OF HYPOTHESES-TWO OR MORE POPULATIONS:

• Introduction, Testing of hypothesis and confidence intervals about the difference of population means and proportions for small and large samples, Analysis of Variance and ANOVA Table.

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS-INDEPENDENCE OF ATTRIBUTES

• Introduction, Contingency Tables, Testing of hypothesis about theIndependence of attributes.

REGRESSION AND CORRELATION:

• Introduction, cause and effect relationships, examples, simple linear regression, estimation of parameters and their interpretation. r and R2. Correlation. Coefficient of linear correlation, its estimation and interpretation. Multiple regression and interpretation of its parameters.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS

1. Walpole RE. Students study guide: introduction to statistics. 3rded. 1982.
2. Muhammad F. Statistical methods and data analysis. Faisalabad: KitabMarkaz; 2000
3. R. L Ott, Micheal T longnecker. An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis, 7th ed. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning 2015
4. Walpole, R. E. 1982. ―Introduction to Statistics", 3rd Ed., Macmillan Publishing Co.,Inc. New York. Muhammad, F. 2005.

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE IN PHYSICAL THERAPY(Law, Ethics & Administration)CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

The course will discuss the role, responsibility, ethics administration issues and accountability of the physical therapists. The course will also cover the change in the profession to the doctoral level and responsibilities of the professional to the profession, the public and to the health care team. The topic of health care system in Pakistan with comparison with current health system abroad will be discussed too.DETAILED COURSE OUTLINETHE PHYSICAL THERAPIST AS PROFESSIONAL

• What does professional mean?
• Preliminary definitions of profession and professional and Sociological perspective
• Structural approach, Processual approach, Power approach
• Characteristics of professions cited in the literature
• Dimensions of occupation & profession
• Autonomy, self-regulation of ethical standards, and accountability
• Privileges of autonomous practice in 2020
• Self-regulation of ethical standards, Accountability of professionals
• Individual professionalism—professionalism without professions?
• The history of a profession
• Professional recognition

CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE ISSUES

• A vision for the future
• The doctorate in physical therapy
• Perspective of the profession and practitioner
• Direct access issue
• Selected curriculum requirements from evaluative criteria for physical therapist
• Plan of care, Social responsibility
• Career development and Physical therapy practice patterns, Components of a practice pattern
• Important factors that affect health
• Roles of the staff physical therapist in critical inquiry
• Collaboration in clinical research
• Ethical and legal issues in critical inquiry

THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST AS EDUCATOR

• History of physical therapy education
• Contemporary educational roles of the physical therapist
• Teaching opportunities in continuing education
• Academic teaching opportunities
• Theories of teaching and learning in professional education
• Ethical and legal issues in physical therapy education

THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST AS ADMINISTRATOR

• History of physical therapy administration
• Contemporary physical therapy administration
• Patient/client management
• First-line management
• Midlevel managers and chief executive officers
• Leadership
• Ethical and legal issues

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT, COMPETENCE, AND EXPERTISE

• Lifelong process of skill enhancement
• The professional development continuum: from competence to expertise
• Activities that promote professional development
• Evaluation of competence and professional development
• Professional development planning
• Possible evaluators of professional achievement
• Career advancement
• Organizational impact on professional development

FUTURE CHALLENGES IN PHYSICAL THERAPY

• Physical therapy’s moral mission
• The future in three realms, individual, institutional& societal.
• Professionalism and the physical therapist

CONSULTATION IN PHYSICAL THERAPY

• Introduction to Consultation in Physical Therapy:
• The Way the Consultation is Carried out:
• Patient-Related Consultation:
• Client-Related Consultation:
• Consultation Activities of Physical Therapist:
• Responding to a request for a second opinion:
• Advising a referring practitioner about the indications for intervention:
• Advising employers about the requirements of the Patients/Clients with Disabilities:
• Instructing employers about pre-placement in accordance with provisions of the Patients/Clients with Disabilities:
• Educating other health practitioners (eg, in injury prevention):
• Performing environmental assessments to minimize the risk of falls:
• Conducting a program to determine the suitability of employees for specific job assignments:
• Examining school environments and recommending changes to improve accessibility forstudents with disabilities:
• Developing programs that evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention plan in reducing work-related injuries:
• Working with employees, labor unions, and government agencies to develop injury reduction and safety programs:
• Participating at the local, state, and federal levels in policymaking for physical therapy services:
• Providing expert legal opinion:

SCREENING IN PHYSICAL THERAPY

• Introduction to Screening in Physical Therapy, The Way the Screening is Carried Out
• The Basis of Screening
• Problem-focused, systematic collection and analysis of data to identify individuals at risk in order to provide primary Prevention:
• Identify those in need of physical therapy intervention or other rehabilitative services
• Ascertain the presence of positive findings that require attention by another health care practitioner in order to provide secondary or tertiary prevention
• Candidates for Screening

Screening Activities of Physical Therapist

• Identifying children who may need an examination for idiopathic scoliosis
• Identifying risk factors in the workplace
• Pre-performance testing of individuals active in sports
• Identifying an individual's lifestyle factors (eg, exercise,stress, weight) that may lead to increased risk for serious health problems
• Identifying elderly individuals in a community center or nursing home who are at high risk for slipping, tripping, or falling

DELEGATION IN PHYSICAL THERAPY

• Introduction to Delegation in Physical Therapy
• Delegation Pertinent Responsibilities of Physical Therapist
• Interpretation of record of patient referred by health care provider
• Initial evaluation and problem identification of patient
• Development of plan of care and goals of treatment:
• Determination of appropriate portion of treatment program to be delegated to a physical therapist’s assistant
• Delegation of treatment to be administered by physical therapist’s assistant
• Instruction to the physical therapist’s assistant regarding: The specific program of treatment of a patient, Any precaution to be taken to protect a patient, Any special problem of a patient, Any procedure which should not be administered to a patient, The proper methods for documenting the treatment that is administered to the patient, Any other information required to treat a patient
• Treatment review in a timely manner
• National Perspectives: International Perspectives:

CULTURAL COMPETENCY IN PHYSICAL THERAPY

• General Consideration of Cultural Competence in Physical Therapy
• Cultural Competence
• Key Concepts- Culture, Principles and Assumptions,Power and Privilege, Exploring Differences, Equitable Access, Racism & Oppression, Elements of Cultural Competence, National Diverse Communities, International Diverse Communities, Providing Health Care in a Multicultural Society, Patient and Client Encounter Questions
• LIAASE: A General Cultural Competence Tool - LIAASE (Learn, Inquire, Avoid Polarization, Avoid Arguing and Defending, Show Empathy ): A General Cultural Competence Tool

STANDARDS OF COMPETENCE IN PHYSICAL THERAPYFIVE ROLES OF PHYSICAL THERAPY AS

• As Patient client manager, As a consultant, as a critical Inqiurer, As an Educationist, As an Administrator

LAWS, REGULATIONS, AND POLICIES FOR PHYSICAL THERAPY

• National and International Laws, Regulations, and Policies for Physical Therapy
• Arab Countries’ Laws, Regulations, and Policies for Physical Therapy
• Statutes and Regulations:
• The American Physical Therapy Association:

EDUCATIONAL THEORY

• Learning Theories --> Behaviorist, Cognitiv, Humanist, Adult learning
• Behavioral Objectives from the Educational Domains, Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor:

Recommended Text Books:

1. Professionalism in Physical Therapy: History, Practice, & Development, Lisa L. Dutton, PT, PhD
2. APTA. Guide to Physical Therapy Practice: Revised second edition. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 2003. ISBN: 978-1-887759-85-

SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The main focus of this course is related to the understanding of the role that physical therapists play in both the industrial continuum and sports physical therapy. Emphasis is placed on acute management of traumatic injuries and/or sudden illness. In addition, injury prevention with an emphasis on the advanced clinical competencies related to the practice of sports physical therapy will also be covered.

DETAILED COURSE OUT LINE

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY

INTRODUCTION TO SPORTS REHABILITATION

• Introduction to sport injury management

INJURY SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE

• Injury prevention and screening
• Assessment and needs analysis

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES

• Pathophysiology of skeletal muscle injuries, of tendon injuries, of ligament injuries, of skeletal injuries, Peripheral nerve injuries

EFFECTIVE CLINICAL DECISION MAKING

• An introduction to periodisation
• Management of acute sport injury
• Musculoskeletal assessment
• Progressive systematic functional rehabilitation
• Strength and conditioning
• Nutritional considerations for performance and rehabilitation
• Psychology and sports rehabilitation
• Clinical reasoning

JOINT SPECIFIC SPORT INJURIES AND PATHOLOGIES

• Injuries in sport ( Shoulder, The elbow, Wrist and hand injuries in sport,The groin in sport,The knee, Ankle complex injuries in sport,The foot in sport

CASE HISTORIES

• Principles of assessment and outcome measurses
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based sports Physical Therapy Treatment protocols

Recommended Text Books:

1. Sports Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention by:Paul Comfort &Earle Abrahamson, 1st Edition, 2010,Wiley Blackwell Publishers
2. Clinical Sports Medicine by: Brukner& Khan, 4ed, McGraw-Hill Publishers
3. A guide to sports and injury management by: Mike Bundy & Andy Leaver, 1st edition, 2010, Churchill Livingstone.

SUPERVISED CLINICAL PRACTICE IV

CREDIT HOURSS 3(0-3)

NEUROLOGICAL

COURSE DESCRIPTION: During this supervised clinical practice, students are responsible for successful execution of examination, evaluation, and interventions relating to neurological disorders. Students become familiar with performance of these skills in all settings (inpatient and outpatient) as well as on all types of conditions (surgical, non-surgical, pediatric and geriatric.) Students learn to objectively perform these skills under the supervision of trained physical therapists. Student is required to keep a performance record of all listed competencies and successfully perform on real patients during the final evaluation of the course. COMPETENCIES: EXAMINATION:

• Based on best available evidence select examination tests and measures that are appropriate for the patient/client.
• Perform posture tests and measures of postural alignment and positioning
• Perform gait, locomotion and balance tests including quantitative and qualitative measures such as: Balance during functional activities with or without the use of assistive, adaptive, orthotic, protective, supportive, or prosthetic devices or equipment
• Balance (dynamic or static activities) with or without the use of assistive, adaptive, orthotic, protective, supportive, or prosthetic devices or equipment
• Gait and locomotion during functional activities with or without the use of assistive, adaptive, orthotic, protective, supportive, or prosthetic devices or equipment to include

BED MOBILITY:

• Transfers (level surfaces and floor), Wheelchair management, Uneven surfaces, Safety during gait, locomotion, and balance
• Perform gait assessment including step length, speed, characteristics of gait, and abnormal gait patterns.
• Characterize or quantify body mechanics during self-care, home management, work, community, tasks, or leisure activities.
• Characterize or quantify ergonomic performance during work (job/school/play)
• Dexterity and coordination during work, Safety in work environment, Specific work conditions or activities
• Tools, devices, equipment, and workstations related to work actions, tasks, or activities
• Characterize or quantify environmental home and work (job/school/play) barriers: Current and potential barriers
• Physical space and environment, Community accessL, Observe self-care and home management (including ADL and IADL)
• Measure and characterize pain* to include: Pain, soreness, and nocioception, Specific body parts
• Recognize and characterize signs and symptoms of inflammation.
• Perform neurological tests and measures including:
• Perform arousal, attention and cognition tests and measures to characterize or quantify (including standardized tests and measures)
• Perform cranial and peripheral nerve integrity tests and measures
• Motor distribution of the cranial nerves (eg, muscle tests, observations), Motor distribution of the peripheral nerves (eg, dynamometry, muscle tests, observations, thoracic outlet tests)
• Response to neural provocation (e.g. tension test, vertebral artery compression tests)
• Response to stimuli, including auditory, gustatory, olfactory, pharyngeal, vestibular, and visual (eg, observations, provocation tests)
• Perform motor function tests and measures to include: Dexterity, coordination, and agility
• Initiation, execution, modulation and termination of movement patterns and voluntary postures
• Perform neuromotor development and sensory integration tests and measures to characterize or quantify: Acquisition and evolution of motor skills, including age-appropriate development
• Sensorimotor integration, including postural responses, equilibrium, and righting reactions
• Perform tests and measures for reflex integrity including: Deep reflexes (eg, myotatic reflex scale, observations, reflex tests)
• Postural reflexes and reactions, including righting, equilibrium and protective reactions
• Primitive reflexes and reactions, including developmental
• Resistance to passive stretch, Superficial reflexes and reactions
• Perform sensory integrity tests and measures that characterize or quantify including -> ( Light touch, Sharp/dull, Temperature, Deep pressure, Localization, Vibration, Deep sensation, Stereognosis, Graphesthesia)

EVALUATION:

• Clinical reasoning and decision making
• Synthesize available data on a patient/client expressed in terms of the International
• Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) model to include body functions and structures, activities, and participation.
• Use available evidence in interpreting the examination findings.
• Verbalize possible alternatives when interpreting the examination findings.
• Cite the evidence (patient/client history, lab diagnostics, tests and measures and scientific literature) to support a clinical decision

DIAGNOSIS:

• Integrate the examination findings to classify the patient/client problem in terms of body functions and structures, and activities and participation (ie, practice patterns in the Guide)
• Identify and prioritize impairments in body functions and structures, and activity limitations and participation restrictions to determine specific body function and structure, and activities and participation towards which the intervention will be directed.

PROGNOSIS:

• Determine the predicted level of optimal functioning and the amount of time required to achieve that level.
• Recognize barriers that may impact the achievement of optimal functioning within a predicted time frame including ( Age, Medication(s), Socioeconomic status, Co-morbidities, Cognitive status, Nutrition, Social Support, Environment)

PLAN OF CARE:

Goal setting

• Coordination of Care, Progression of care, Discharge, Design a Plan of Care
• Write measurable functional goals (short-term and long-term) that are time referenced with expected outcomes.
• Consult patient/client and/or caregivers to develop a mutually agreed to plan of care.
• Identify patient/client goals and expectations.
• Identify indications for consultation with other professionals.
• Make referral to resources needed by the patient/client (assumes knowledge of referral sources).
• Select and prioritize the essential interventions that are safe and meet the specified functional goals and outcomes in the plan of care identify precautions and contraindications, provide evidence for patient-centered interventions that are identified and selected, define the specificity of the intervention (time, intensity, duration, and frequency) set realistic priorities that consider relative time duration in conjunction with family, caregivers, and other health care professionals).
• Establish criteria for discharge based on patient goals and current functioning and disability.
• Coordination of Care, -> Identify who needs to collaborate in the plan of care.
• Identify additional patient/client needs that are beyond the scope of physical therapist practice, level of experience and expertise, and warrant referral
• Refer and discuss coordination of care with other health care professionals
• Articulate a specific rational for a referral.
• Advocate for patient/client access to services.

Progression of Care

• Identify outcome measures of progress relative to when to progress the patient further.
• Measure patient/client response to intervention.
• Monitor patient/client response to intervention.
• Modify elements of the plan of care and goals in response to changing patient/client status, as needed.
• Make on-going adjustments to interventions according to outcomes including environmental factors and personal factors and, medical therapeutic interventions.
• Make accurate decisions regarding intensity and frequency when adjusting interventions in the plan of care.

Discharge Plan

• Re-examine patient/client if not meeting established criteria for discharge based on the plan of care.
• Differentiate between discharge of the patient/client, discontinuation of service, and transfer of care with re-evaluation.
• Prepare needed resources for patient/client to ensure timely discharge, including follow-up care.
• Include patient/client and family/caregiver as a partner in discharge.
• Discontinue care when services are no longer indicated

NTERVENTIONS:

• Safety, Emergency Care, CPR and First Aid, Standard Precautions
• Body Mechanics and Positioning
• Categories of Interventions, Safety, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Emergency Care, First Aid, Ensure patient safety and safe application of patient/client care, Perform first aid.
• Perform emergency procedures -> Perform Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), Precautions, Demonstrate appropriate sequencing of events related to universal precautions, Use Universal Precautions. Determine equipment to be used and assemble all sterile and non-sterile materials, Use transmission-based precautions.
• Demonstrate aseptic techniques, Apply sterile procedures, Properly discard soiled items.
• Body Mechanics and Positioning, Apply proper body mechanics (utilize, teach, reinforce, and observe, Properly position, drape, and stabilize a patient/client when providing physical therapy.
• Interventions (Coordination, communication, and documentation may include: Addressing required function, Establish and maintain an ongoing collaborative process ofdecision-making with patients/clients, families, or caregivers priorto initiating care and throughout the provision of services. Discern the need to perform mandatory communication andreporting (eg, incident reports, patient advocacy and abusereporting). Follow advance directives

THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE MAY INCLUDE PERFORMING

• Balance coordination and agility training: Developmental activities training, Motor function (motor control and motor learning) training orretraining, Neuromuscular education or reeducation, Perceptual training, Posture awareness training*, Sensory training or retraining, Standardized, programmatic approaches, Task-specific performance training
• Neuromotor development training: Developmental activities training,vMotor training, Movement pattern training, Neuromuscular education or reeducation
• Functional training in self-care and home management may include, Functional training in work (job/school/play), community, and leisure integration or reintegration may include
• Activities of daily living (ADL) training: Bed mobility and transfer training, Age, appropriate functional skills, Barrier accommodations or modification
• Device and equipment use and training: Assistive and adaptive device or equipment training during ADL (specifically for bed mobility and transfer training, gait and locomotion, and dressing)
• Orthotic, protective, or supportive device or equipment training during self-care and home management, Prosthetic device or equipment training during ADL (specifically for bed mobility and transfer training, gait and locomotion, and dressing)
• Functional training programs: Simulated environments and tasks, Task adaptation, i
• Injury prevention or reduction: Safety awareness training during self-care and home management, Injury prevention education during self-care and home management, Injury prevention or reduction with use of devices and equipment
• Prescription, application, and, as appropriate, fabrication of devices and equipment may include: Adaptive devices: Hospital beds, Raised toilet seats, Seating systems – prefabricated, Assistive devices, Canes, Crutches, Long-handled reachers, Static and dynamic splints – prefabricated, Walkers, Wheelchairs
• Orthotic devices: Prefabricated braces, Prefabricated shoe inserts, Prefabricated splints, Prosthetic devices (lower-extremity).
• Protective devices: Braces, Cushions, Helmets, Protective taping, Supportive devices, Prefabricated compression garments, Corsets, Elastic wraps, Neck collars, Slings, Supplemental oxygen - apply and adjust, Supportive taping
• Electrotherapeutic modalities may include: Biofeedback, Electrotherapeutic delivery of medications (eg, iontophoresis), Electrical stimulation:Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), Functional electrical stimulation (FES)High voltage pulsed current (HVPC)Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Physical agents and mechanical modalities may include: Physical agents:
• Cryotherapy: Cold packs, Ice massage, Vapocoolant spray
• Hydrotherapy: Contrast bath, Pools, Whirlpool tanks
• Sound agents: Phonophoresis, Ultrasound
• Thermotherapy: Dry heat, Hot packs, Paraffin baths
• Mechanical modalities: Compression therapies (prefabricated), Compression garments: Skill Category Description of Minimum Skills, Vasopneumatic compression devices, Taping
• Compression bandaging (excluding lymphedema), Gravity-assisted compression devices
• Standing frame, Tilt table, Mechanical motion devices
• Continuous passive motion (CPM)
• Traction devices ( Intermittent, Positional, Sustained)
• Documentation of all listed competencies in SOAP notes format

DPT SEMESTER 9TH

CARDIOPULMONARY PHYSICAL THERAPY

CREDIT HOURS3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course includes a study of anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and lymphatic systems and pathological changes of the systems and function, including diagnostic tests and measurements. This course discuss relevant testes and measures for determining impairment and differentiating the diagnosis based on the specificity and sensitivity of the assessment instruments as related to patients with cardiovascular, pulmonary, and lymphatic systems disorders. The use of evidence-based physical therapy intervention for cardiovascular, pulmonary, and lymphatic systems disorders is emphasized. Topics will focus on medical terminology, clinical examination, evaluation, comparing contemporary, traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in this area.

DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY REGARDING CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

• Anatomy of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
• Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

PATHO-PHYSIOLOGY

• Ischemic Cardiac Condition, Cardiac Muscle Dysfunction, Restrictive Lung Dysfunction, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
• Cardiopulmonary Implications of Specific Diseases

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES

• Cardiovascular Diagnostic Tests and procedures
• Electro cardio-graphy
• Pulmonary Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS, MONITORING AND SUPPORT

• Cardiovascular and Thoracic interventions
• Thoracic Organ Transplantation; Heart, Lung, and heart-Lung
• Monitoring and Life-Support Equipment

PHARMACOLOGY

• Cardiovascular Medications
• Pulmonary Medications

CARDIOPULMONARY ASSESSMENT AND INTERVENTION

• Assessment Procedures
• Treatment of Acute Cardiopulmonary Conditions
• Therapeutic Interventions in Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention
• Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Outcome Measures

THE NEEDS OF SPECIFIC PATIENTS INTENSIVE CARE FOR THE CRITICALLY ILL ADULT

• Assessment of the critically ill patient in the intensive care unit (ICU)
• Mechanical ventilation - implications for physiotherapy
• Musculoskeletal problems
• Patient groups with specific needs
• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
• Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
• Inhalation burns, Trauma
• Neurological conditions requiring intensive care,Physiotherapy techniques, Emergency situations

PULMONARY REHABILITATION

• Definition and aims of pulmonary rehabilitation
• Benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation and Setting up pulmonary rehabilitation
• Resources
• Selection of patients
• Patient assessment for pulmonary rehabilitation
• Structure of pulmonary rehabilitation
• Exercise component and Outcome measures

CARDIAC REHABILITATION

• Introduction
• Goals of cardiac rehabilitation and Cardiac rehabilitation team
• Role of the physiotherapist
• Rationale for cardiac rehabilitation
• Early ambulation,Exercise training
• Secondary prevention, Education
• Manifestations of ischemic heart disease -> Cardiac arrest, Angina pectoris
• Myocardial infarction
• Cardiac surgery
• Drugs to control the cardiovascular system
• Physiotherapy ( Assessment, Recording, Treatment, Outcome evaluation,Complications of exercise
• Other considerations ( The older patient,Cardiac failure, Valvular heart disease, Congenital heart disease, Compliance, Cost-effectiveness, Legal aspects )

CARDIOPULMONARYTRANSPLANTATION

• Introduction, Assessment, The transplantation process, Donors, Operative procedures, Postoperative care, Rejection of the transplanted organs,Immunosuppression, Infections, Special considerations for the physiotherapist, Denervation of the heart/lung immunosuppression, Infection/rejection. Physiotherapy management

HYPERVENTILATION

• Introduction, Signs and symptoms, Causes of hyperventilation, Personality, Diagnostic tests, Breathing patterns, Treatment, The assessment, Treatment plan, Breathing education, Breathing pattern re-education, Compensatory procedures in the short term. Planned rebreathin, Speech, Home program, Exercise and fitness programs, Group therapy

BRONCHIECTASIS, PRIMARY CILIARY DYSKINESIA AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS

• Bronchiectasis, Medical management
• Physiotherapy -> Evaluation of physiotherapy
• Primary ciliary dyskinesia, Medical management
• Physiotherapy -> Evaluation of physiotherapy
• Cystic fibrosis, Medical management, Physiotherapy
• Evaluation of physiotherapy, Continuity of care

CASE HISTORIES

• Principles of assessment and outcome measures
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy Treatment protocols

Recommended Text Book:

1. Essentials of Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy (2nd Edition)By Hillegass and Sadowsky
2. Physiotherapy for respiratory and cardiac problems, By: Jennifer A. Pryor & Barbara A. Webber, 2nd edition, Churchill Livingstone.
3. Tidy’s Physiotherapy by Thomas A Skinner & Piercy therapeutics Exercises and Technique by Carolyn Kisner&Laynn Allen Colby 4th 5th edition
4. Cash’s Text book of General Medical & Surgical Condition for Physiotherapists by Patrica A. Downie
5. Cash’s Textbook of chest, heart and vascular condition for physiotherapist by Patrica A.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES & PRIMARY CARE IN PHYSICAL THERAPY

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course provides the student with all of the skills necessary to take appropriate action in an emergency in any practice setting. Basic life support, advanced cardiac life support, and first aid and emergency preparedness are the content areas of this course. The course is designed to provide knowledge and skill in emergency techniques and in the application of appropriate action necessary to take care of the patient/client.

DETAILED COURSE OUT LINE

ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF EMERGENCY CARE

• Develop and implement emergency action plan
• Emergency team
• Initial patient assessment and care
• Emergency communication and Emergency equipment and supplies
• Venue location and Emergency transportation
• Emergency care facilities
• Legal need and documentation

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF THE CRITICALLY INJURED PATIENT/ATHLETE

• Scene assessment and safety
• Body substance isolation precautions
• Primary and Secondary survey
• Vital signs

AIRWAY MANAGEMENT

• Air way anatomy
• Air way compromise
• Oxygen therapy
• Advanced airway devices

SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH

• Incidence and etiology of sudden death in general population
• Sudden cardiac arrest in athletes
• Screening and recognition of cardiac warning signs
• Preparation for cardiac emergencies
• Management of sudden cardiac arrest

HEAD INJURIES

• Pathomechanics of brain injuries
• Types of pathology
• Classification of cerebral concussion
• Cerebral contusion and Cerebral hematoma
• Second impact syndrome
• Initial on site assessment, Sideline assessment
• Special tests for assessment of coordination and cognition
• Medications, Wake ups and rest

EMERGENCY CARE OF CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES

• Anatomy
• Mechanism of injuries, Injuries to the spinal cord
• Assessment and Management

EMERGENT GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS

• Sudden death
• Exercise induced anaphylaxis
• Acute asthma
• Diabetes mellitus
• Mononucleosis
• Sickle cell traits
• Hypertension

ENVIRONMENT-RELATED CONDITIONS

• Heat and cold related emergencies and their prevention
• Lightning and Altitude related emergencies

ORTHOPEDIC INJURIES

• Basic emergency medical care
• Fundamentals of skeletal fractures
• Splinting techniques
• Fractures and dislocations of upper, lower extremity and spine

ABDOMINAL INJURIES

• Initial evaluation
• Specific injuries: abdominal wall contusions, splenic injuries, liver injuries, renal injuries, intestinal injuries, pancreatic injuries
• Non-traumatic abdominal injuries: Appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy

THORACIC INJURIES

• Assessment
• Management of different Types of injuries: fractures, Pneumothorax, hemothorax, pulmonary embolism

SPINE BOARDING IN CHALLENGING ENVIRONMENTS

• The soft foam pit in gymnastics
• The pole vault pit
• The swimming pole and diving well
• The ice hockey rink

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL IMPACT OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

• Defining psychological trauma
• Psychological interventions in crisis situations
• Psychological trauma in athletic environment
• The psychological emergency response team
• Internal team members
• External team member
• The psychological interventions recommendations.

PRIMARY CARE FOUNDATION

• Primary care: physical therapy modles1
• Evidence - Based examination of diagnostic information
• Cultural competence: An essential of primary health care
• Pharmacologic considerations for the physical therapist
• The patient interview: the science behind the art

EXAMINATION/EVALUATION

• Prologue
• Symptoms investigation, Part I: Chief complaint by body region
• Symptoms investigation, Part II: Chief complaint by symptom
• Patient health history including identifying health risk factor
• Review of systems
• Patient interview: the physical examination begins
• Review of cardiovascular and pulmonary systems and vital signs
• Upper and lower quadrant screening examination
• Diagnostic imaging, Laboratory tests and values

DISORDERS AND MANAGEMENT

• Acute Care Physical Therapy Examination and Discharge Planning.
• Clinical Laboratory Values and Diagnostic Testing.
• Physiologic Monitors and Patient Support Equipment.
• Bed Rest, Deconditioning, and Hospital-Acquired NeuromuscularDisorders.
• The Immune System and Infectious Diseases and Disorders.
• Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders.
• Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders.
• Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Diseases and Disorders
• Neurologic and Neurosurgical Diseases and Disorders.
• Endocrine Diseases and Disorders.
• Gastrointestinal Diseases and Disorders.
• Genitourinary Diseases and Disorders.
• Oncological Diseases and Disorders.
• Transplantation.
• Integumentary Diseases and Disorders
• Wound Management.

SPECIAL POPULATIONS

• The Pediatric and adolescent population
• The obstetric client
• The geriatric population
• Health and wellness perspective in primary care

Recommended Text Books

1. Emergency Care in Athletic Training by: Keith M.Gorse, Robert O. Blanc, Francis Feld, Matthew Radelet, 1st edition, 2010, FA Davis Company
2. Acute care hand book for Physical Therapists by: Jaime C paz, Michelle P West, 2nd edition, 2002,Butterworth Heinemann

PROSTHETICS& ORTHOTICS

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:This course intends to study prosthetic and orthotic management as applied to a variety of patient populations across a life span. It also addresses the considerations of various pathologies and medical, surgical management to formulate appropriate patient examinations, evaluation diagnosis, prognosis and intervention that are consistent with physical therapy practice guidelines. Principles of normal biomechanics, pathomechanics, physiology and Pathophysiology will be a major focus for evaluation, intervention and education of the vascular, neuromuscular, and / or musculoskeletal compromised patient who may utilize prosthetic or orthotic devices. Basic principles of mechanical physics and material characteristics will be applied.

DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE:ORTHOTICS

• INTRODUCTION TO ORTHOTICS (Basic Terminology, Historical Background, Factors In Prescription Orthotics, Nomenclature of Orthotics, Biomechanical Principles
• Materials Used in Orthotics Manufacturing
• Methods of Construction

FOOT ORTHOSES

• Shoe Style ( Parts of Shoe, Special Purpose Shoes, Foot Examination)
• Orthotics Interventions
• Fabrication Options
• Pediatric Foot Orthoses, Guideline for Prescription Foot Orthoses

ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSES

• Plastic Ankle Foot Orthoses
• Lather Metal Ankle Foot Orthoses
• Composite Materials
• Weight Relieving Ankle Foot Orthoses
• Support (Fabric, Leather, Gel And Air )
• Contracture Reducing Ankle Foot Orthoses
• Guidelines for Prescription Ankle Foot Orthoses

KNEE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSES AND KNEE ORTHOSES

• Plastic Metal Knee Ankle Foot Orthoses, Knee Immobilizer, Supra- Condylar Knee Ankle Foot Orthoses, Weight Relieving Orthoses, Fracture Orthoses, Lather Metal Knee Ankle Foot Orthoses, Knee Orthoses
• Guidelines For Prescription Knee Ankle Foot Orthoses

ORTHOSES FOR PARAPLEGIA AND HIP DISORDERS

• Paraplegia
• Standing Frames
• Orthoses Designed For Ambulation
• Functional Electrical Stimulation
• Specific Devices for Paraplegia

HIP ORTHOSES

• Guidelines for Prescription

EVALUATION PROCEDURES FOR LOWER LIMB ORTHOSES

• Need of Evaluation
• Static vs Dynamic Evaluation
• Gait Disorders with Orthoses Usage

TRUNK AND CERVICAL ORTHOSES

• Trunk Orthoses and their Evaluation
• Scoliosis and Kyphosis Orthoses and their Evaluation
• Cervical Orthoses and their Evaluation
• Guideline For Prescription

UPPER LIMB ORTHOSES

• Hand And Wrist Hand Orthoses
• Forearm And Elbow Orthoses
• Shoulder Orthoses, Fabrication Option
• Upper limb Orthoses Evaluation (Hand, Wrist, Fingers, Shoulder and Elbow)
• Guideline For Prescription

ORTHOSES FOR BURNS AND OTHER SOFT TISSUE DISORDERS

• Importance of Orthoses for Burns and Other Soft Tissue Disorders
• Orthoses for Burn Management, Orthoses for Patients with Soft Tissues Problem Associated With Neuromuscular
• Disorders

GOAL SETTING AND TREATMENT PLAN

• Short and Long Term Goals
• Treatment Planning
• Criteria for Discharge
• Care of Orthoses

PROSTHETICS

EARLY MANAGEMENT

• Clinic Team Approach to Rehabilitation
• Amputation Surgery: Osteomyoplastic Reconstructive Technique
• Mansgement: Postoperative Management, Pain Management, Skin Disorders and Their Management
• Psychological Consequences of Amputation

REHABILITATION OF ADULTS WITH LOWER-LIMB AMPUTATIONS

• Partial Foot and Syme's Amputations and Prosthetic Designs
• Transtibial Prosthetic Designs, Transfemoral Prosthetic Designs
• Hip Disarticulations and Transpelvic Prosthetic Designs
• Basic Lower-Limb Prosthetic Training

REHABILITATION OF ADULTS WITH UPPER-LIMB AMPUTATIONS

• Body-Powered Upper-Limb Prosthetic Designs, Upper-Limb Externally Powered Prosthetic Designs
• Training Patients with Upper-Limb Amputations

BEYOND THE BASICS

• Special Considerations with Children
• Rehabilitation Outcomes
• Adaptive Prostheses for Recreation
• Future Prosthetic Advances and Challenges
• Future Surgical and Educational Advances and Challenges

Recommended Text Book

1. Prosthetics and Patient Management: A Comprehensive Clinical Approach By: Kevin Carroll; Joan Edelstein
2. Orthotics a comprehensive clinical approach By: Joan E Eldestein& Jan Bruckner

CLINICAL DECISION MAKING &DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISCREDIT HOURS 3(3-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:The course will cover the principles and methods of clinical screening in physical therapy practice. A basic format for musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, Integumentary, and cardiopulmonary screening in physical therapy will be presented, with a focus on differential diagnosis within the scope of physical therapy practice, and incorporation of the role of the physical therapist as it interfaces with the role of the physician. A clarification of red-flags that differentiate a systemic condition from a neuro-musculoskeletal condition will be a continuing theme throughout the course. Decision-making skills related to physical therapy will be emphasized through the use of patient case scenarios with a focus on when to treat, and when to refer. Strategies to effectively and appropriately communicate with health care colleagues and patients regarding medical diagnostic information and medical status will be introduced.DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE

SCREENING AND INTERVIEWING, THE PT SCOPE OF PRACTICE: TO REFER OR TREAT?INTRODUCTION TO SCREENING FOR REFERRAL IN PHYSICAL THERAPY,

• Reasons to Screen
• Screenings and Surveillance
• Diagnosis by the Physical Therapist
• Differential Diagnosis Versus Screening
• Direct Access
• Decision-Making Process
• Case Examples and Case Studies

INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERVIEWING PROCESS

• Concepts in Communication
• Cultural Competence
• The Screening Interview, Core Interview
• Subjective Examination
• Hospital Inpatient Information
• Physician Referral

OVERVIEW OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN AND SYSTEMIC CAUSES OF PAIN

• Mechanisms of Referred Visceral Pain
• Multisegmental Innervations
• Assessment of Pain and Symptoms
• Sources and Type of Pain
• Comparison of Systemic Versus Musculoskeletal Pain Patterns
• Characteristics of Viscerogenic Pain
• Screening for Emotional and Psychologic Overlay, for Systemic Versus PsychogenicSymptoms
• Physician Referral

PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT AS A SCREENING TOOL

• General Survey
• Techniques of Physical Examination ( Integumentary Screening Examination, Nail Bed Assessment, Lymph Node Palpation)
• Screening Examination ( Musculoskeletal, Neurologic, Regional Screening Examination
• Systems Review
• Physician Referral

SCREENING FOR

• Hematologic Disease ( Signs and Symptoms of Hematologic Disorders, Classification of Blood Disorders, Physician Referral)
• Cardiovascular Disease ( Signs and Symptoms of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiac Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Disorders, Laboratory Value)
• Effects Of Cardiovascular Medications -> Physician Referral
• Pulmonary Disease (Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Disorder Inflammatory/Infectious Disease, Genetic Disease of the Lung, Occupational Lung Diseases, Pleuropulmonary Disorders, Physician Referral
• Gastrointestinal Disease ( Signs and Symptoms of Gastrointestinal Disorders) Gastrointestinal Disorders, Physician Referral
• Hepatic And Biliary Disease: Hepatic and Biliary Signs and Symptoms, Hepatic and Biliary Pathophysiology, Gallbladder and Duct Diseases, Physician Referral
• Urogenital Disease ( Signs and Symptoms of Renal and Urological Disorders, The Urinary Tract, Renal and Urological Pain, Renal and Urinary Tract Problems, Physician Referral )
• Endocrine And Metabolic Disease: Associated Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms, Endocrine Pathophysiology, Introduction to Metabolism, Physician Referral
• Immunologic Disease: Using the Screening Model, Immune System Pathophysiology, Physician Referral
• CANCER: Cancer Statistics, Risk Factor Assessment, Cancer Prevention, Major Types of Cancer, Metastases
• Clinical Manifestations of Malignancy, Oncologic Pain, Side Effects of Cancer Treatment
• Cancers of the Musculoskeletal System, Primary Central Nervous System Tumors, Cancers of the Blood and Lymph System, Physician Referral

SCREENING THE HEAD, NECK, AND BACK

• Location and source of Pain and Symptoms
• Screening of Back Pain -> ( Oncologic Causes Cardiac Caus Vascular Causes of Back Pain, Pulmonary Causes, Renal and Urologic Causes, Gastrointestinal Causes, Liver and Biliary Causes Gynecologic Causes of Back Pain, Male Reproductive Causes, Infectious Causes of Back Pain, Physician Referral
• Screaing of Sacrum, Sacroiliac Joint and Pelvis

SCREENING THE LOWER QUADRANT: BUTTOCK, HIP, GROIN, THIGH, AND LEG

• Using the Screening Model to Evaluate the Lower Quadrant
• Trauma as a Cause of Hip, Groin, or Lower Quadrant Pain
• Screening for Systemic Causes of Sciatica
• Screening for Oncologic Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
• Screening for Urologic Causes of Buttock, Hip, Groin, or Thigh Pain
• Screening for Male Reproductive Causes of Groin Pain
• Screening for Infectious and Inflammatory Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
• Screening for Gastrointestinal Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
• Screening for Vascular Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
• Screening for Other Causes of Lower Quadrant Pain
• Physician Referral

SCREENING THE CHEST, BREASTS, AND RIBS

• Using the Screening Model to Evaluate the Chest, Breasts, or Rib
• Screening for Oncologic Causes of Chest or Rib Pain
• Screening for Cardiovascular Causes of Chest, Breast, or Rib Pain
• Screening for Pleuropulmonary Causes of Chest, Breast, or Rib Pain
• Screening for Gastrointestinal Causes of Chest, Breast, or Rib Pain
• Screening for Breast Conditions that Cause Chest or Breast Pain
• Screening for Other Conditions as a Cause of Chest, Breast, or Rib Pain
• Screening for Musculoskeletal Causes of Chest, Breast, or Rib Pain
• Screening for Neuromuscular or Neurologic Causes of Chest, Breast, or Rib Pain
• Physician Referra

SCREENING FOR HEPATIC AND BILIARY DISEASE

• Hepatic and Biliary Signs and Symptoms
• Hepatic and Biliary Pathophysiology
• Gallbladder and Duct Diseases
• Physician Referral

SCREENING FOR UROGENITAL DISEASE

• Signs and Symptoms of Renal and Urological Disorders,
• The Urinary Tract
• Renal and Urological Pain
• Renal and Urinary Tract Problems
• Physician Referral

SCREENING FOR ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC DISEASE

• Associated Neuromuscular and Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms
• Endocrine Pathophysiology
• Introduction to Metabolism
• Physician Referral

SCREENING FOR IMMUNOLOGIC DISEASE

• Using the Screening Model, Immune System Pathophysiology
• Physician Referral
• Screening for Cancer, Cancer Statistics, Risk Factor Assessment, Cancer Prevention

EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICECREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course introduces the concept of evidence-based practice in physical therapy including the formulation of answerable clinical questions, methods of obtaining peer-reviewed evidence to those clinical questions, and how to critically appraise evidence once located. This course is a lecture and seminar course that will focus on developing the skills need for evaluating, critiquing, and consuming the literature germane to physical therapy practice. Current journal articles, texts, and online resources will be used in the course to develop critical reading and writing skills.

DETAILED COURSE OUTLINEEVIDENCE-BASED PHYSIOTHERAPY

• An introduction about evidence-based Physiotherapy:
• What do we mean by ‘high quality clinical research’?
• What do we mean by ‘patient preferences’? And ‘practice knowledge’? Additional factors
• The process of clinical decision-making
• Importance of evidence-based Physiotherapy: ( For patients,For physiotherapists and the profession,For funders of physiotherapy services)
• History of Evidence-Based Health Care
• Steps for practicing evidence-based Physiotherapy

WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW?

• Relevant clinical questions and Refining your question
• Effects of intervention
• Experiences, Prognosis, Diagnosis

WHAT CONSTITUTES EVIDENCE?

• Evidence about effects of interventions
• Different forms and source of evidence
• Hierarchy of evidence
• Research study design

FINDING THE EVIDENCE

• Search Strategies, The World Wide Web
• Selecting search terms AND and OR
• Finding Evidence of Effects of Interventions
• Search Tools, ( PEDro, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Pub MedGetting, full text )
• Finding Evidence of Prognosis and Diagnostic Tests
• Finding Evidence of Experiences, Finding evidence of advances in clinical
• Practice (Browsing)

TRUST UPON EVIDENCE

• A process for critical appraisal of evidence
• Critical appraisal of evidence about the Effects of intervention ( Randomized trials, Systematic reviews of randomized trials )
• Critical appraisal of evidence about experiences
• Critical appraisal of evidence about prognosis: ( Individual studies of prognosis, Systematic reviews of prognosis
• Critical Appraisal of Evidence about Diagnostic Tests, ( Individual studies of diagnostic tests, Systematic reviews of diagnostic tests )

CLINICAL GUIDELINES AS A RESOURCE FOR EVIDENCE-BASED PHYSIOTHERAPY

• What are clinical guidelines?
• History of clinical guidelines and why they are important
• Where can I find clinical guidelines?
• How do I know if I can trust the recommendations in a clinical Guideline? ( Scope and purpose, Stakeholder involvement, Rigor of development, Clarity and presentation, Applicability, Editorial independence
• What do the results of the critical appraisal mean for my practice?
• Legal Implications of Clinical Guidelines: Clinical guidelines or ‘reasonable care’: which do the courts consider more important? Documenting the use of a clinical guideline in practice: legal implications
• Reflections on the Future of Guideline Development: ( Who should develop clinical guidelines? Collaboration in guideline development, Uniprofessional or multiprofessional guideline development? )

CRITICAL THINKING

• The Benefit of Asking the Right Questions
• What Are the Issue and the Conclusion?
• What Are the Reasons?
• What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous?
• What Are the Value Conflicts and Assumptions? What Are the Descriptive Assumptions?
• Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning?
• How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal Experience? Testimonials, and Appeals to Authority?
• How Good Is the Evidence: Personal Observation, Research? 1Studies, Case Examples, and Analogies
• Are There Rival Causes? Are the Statistics Deceptive?
• What Significant Information Is Omitted?
• What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible? Practice and Review
• The Tone of Your Critical Thinking
• Strategies for Effective Critical Thinking

PRACTICAL

• Identify the different sources of evidence
• Critically appraised topics (CAT)
• How to evaluate web page
• Ways of searching strategies for different databases
• Selection of search terminology
• Retrieving of articles from data bases

Recommended Books

1. Practical Evidence based physiotherapy By, Rob Herbert, GroJamtdvedt, Judy Mead&KareBirger Hagen.
2. Asking the right question-A guide to critical thinking, 8th Edition By, M.Neil.Browne& Stuart M Keeley

SUPERVISED CLINICAL PRACTICE

Credit Hours 3 (0-3)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

During this supervised clinical practice, students are responsible for successful execution of examination, evaluation, and interventions relating to cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. Students become familiar with performance of these skills in all settings (inpatient and outpatient) as well as on all types of conditions (surgical, non-surgical, pediatric and geriatric,.) Students learn to objectively perform these skills under the supervision of trained physical therapists. Student is required to keep a performance record of all listed competencies and successfully perform on real patients during the final evaluation of the course. COMPETENCIES: EXAMINATION:

Based on best available evidence select examination tests and measures that are appropriate for the patient/client.

• Perform posture tests and measures of postural alignment and positioning.
• Recognize and characterize signs and symptoms of cardiac or pulmonary related conditions.
• Perform cardiovascular/pulmonary tests and measures including: ( Heart rate, Respiratory rate, pattern and quality, Blood pressure, Aerobic capacity test* (functional or standardized) such as the 6-minute walk test, Pulse Oximetry, Breath sounds – normal/abnormal, Response to exercise (RPE)
• Signs and symptoms of hypoxia
• Peripheral circulation (deep vein thrombosis, pulse, venous stasis, lymphedema)
• Characterize or quantify body mechanics during self-care, home management, work,community, tasks, or leisure activitie

EVALUATION:

• Clinical reasoning and decision making
• Synthesize available data on a patient/client expressed in terms of the International
• Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) model to include body functions and structures, activities, and participation.
• Use available evidence in interpreting the examination findings.
• Verbalize possible alternatives when interpreting the examination findings.
• Cite the evidence (patient/client history, lab diagnostics, tests and measures and scientific literature) to support a clinical decision.

PLAN OF CARE:

• Goal setting, Coordination of Care, Progression of care, Discharge.
• Design a Plan of Care
• Write measurable functional goals (short-term and long-term) that are time referenced with expected outcomes.
• Consult patient/client and/or caregivers to develop a mutually agreed to plan of care.
• Identify patient/client goals and expectations.
• Identify indications for consultation with other professionals.
• Make referral to resources needed by the patient/client (assumes knowledge of referral sources).
• Select and prioritize the essential interventions that are safe and meet the specified functional goals and outcomes in the plan of care (ie, (a) identify precautions and contraindications, (b) provide evidence for patient-centered interventions that are identified and selected, (c) define the specificity of the intervention (time, intensity, duration, and frequency), and (d) set realistic priorities that consider relative time duration in conjunction with family, caregivers, and other health care professionals).
• Establish criteria for discharge based on patient goals and current functioning and disability.

Therapeutic exercise may include performing:

1. Aerobic capacity/endurance conditioning or reconditioning*:

• Gait and locomotor training
• Increased workload over time (modify workload progression)
• Movement efficiency and energy conservation training
• Walking and wheelchair propulsion programs
• Cardiovascular conditioning programs

1. Relaxation:

• Breathing strategies, Movement strategies and Relaxation techniques.

1. Airway clearance techniques may include*:

• Breathing strategies:

1. Active cycle of breathing or forced expiratory techniques*
2. Assisted cough/huff techniques
3. Paced breathing
4. Pursed lip breathing
5. Techniques to maximize ventilation (eg, maximum inspiratory hold, breath stacking, manual hyperinflation)

• Manual/mechanical techniques

1. Assistive devices

• Positioning:

1. Positioning to alter work of breathing
2. Positioning to maximize ventilation and perfusion

• Documentation of all listed competencies in SOAP notes format

DPT SEMESTER 10TH

MANUAL THERAPY

CREDIT HOURS 3(2-1)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:Through the utilization of instruction, demonstration, practical exercises, research article critical review and case study discussions and presentations this course will provide the best evidence in state of the art advanced manual therapy A detailed overall review of all Manual Therapy techniques, along with manual therapy techniques covering spine and Temporo-Mandibular joint, will take place Techniques covered are: advanced myofascial trigger point therapy, Proprioceptive training, muscle energy combination techniques, strain counter strain, neuromobilization combination techniques and mobilization, manipulation techniques with emphasis on thrust manipulation Thorough evaluation, assessment and technique selection training will take place utilizing evidence based models such as APTAs “Open Door” and “Hooked in Evidence” programs All skills will be introduced through on-site demonstration and hands-on practice. Students will also get significant exposure in critical review of research articles pertaining to application of manual therapy techniques Case review, discussion and case presentations are an important component of this courseDETAILED COURSE OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION TO MANUAL THERAPY

• OMT (ORTHOPEDIC MANUAL THERAPY) KALTENBORN-EVJENTH CONCEPT
• History, Special features,Overview

PRINCIPLES

SPINAL MOVEMENT

• The mobile segment
• Spinal range of movement
• Joint positioning for evaluation and treatment
• Three-dimensional joint positioning
• Resting position: (Actual resting position,Nonresting positions,Joint locking )
• Bone and joint movement ( Standard bone movements, Combined bone movements, Coupled movements, Non Coupled movements, Joint roll-gliding associated with bone rotations, Joint roll-gliding, Abnormal roll-gliding )
• Rotations of a vertebral bone
• Translation of vertebral bone
• Joint play associated with bone translation

TRANSLATORIC JOINT PLAY

• The Kaltenbom Treatment Plane ( Kaltenbom Convex-Concave Rule)
• Translatoric Joint Play Movements ( Grades of translatoric movement)
• Determining the direction of restricted gliding
• Glide test
• Normal and Pathological grades of translatoric movement (Grades I - III)
• Palpating resistance to normal movement

TESTS OF FUNCTION

• Principles of function testing
• Assessing quantity of movement
• Measuring rotatoric movement with a device
• Manual grading of rotatoric movement ( - scale)
• Assessing quality of movement
• Quality of movement to the first stop
• End-feel: Quality of movement after the first stop
• Elements of function testing
• Active and passive rotatoric movements
• Testing rotatoric movement
• Localization tests
• Differentiating articular from extra-articular dysfunction
• Differentiating muscle shortening from muscle spasm
• Translatoric joint play tests

OMT EVALUATION

• Goals of the OMT evaluation
• Physical diagnosis
• Indications and contraindications
• Measuring progress
• Elements of the OMT evaluation
• Screening exam
• Detailed exam ( History, Inspection, Tests of function, Palpation, Neurologic and vascular tests
• Medical diagnostic studies
• Diagnosis and trial treatment

SPINAL JOINT MOBILIZATION

• Goals of joint mobilization
• Mobilization techniques ( Pain relief mobilization, Pain-relief traction mobilization (Grade I -IISZ)
• Vibrations and oscillations
• Relaxation mobilization, Relaxation-traction mobilization (Grade I -II)
• Stretch mobilizationStretch-traction mobilization (Grade III)
• Stretch-glide mobilization (Grade /)
• Manipulation, If traction exacerbates symptoms
• voiding high-risk manual treatment
• Rotation mobilization
• Joint compression

OMT TREATMENT

• Elements of OMT
• Treatment to relieve symptoms
• Immobilization, Thermo-Hydro-Electric (T-H-E) therapy, Pain-relief mobilization
• Special procedures for pain relief
• Treatment to increase mobility
• Soft tissue mobilization, Passive soft tissue mobilization,Active-facilitated soft tissue mobilization
• Muscle stretching principles
• Joint mobilization to increase mobility
• Neural tissue mobilization
• Specialized exercise to increase mobility
• Treatment to limit movement
• To inform, instruct and train

SPINAL SYNDROMES

• Notes on spinal syndromes
• Cervical syndromes, Thoracic syndromes, Lumbar syndromes
• Neurologic evaluation of nerve root syndromes
• Sensory innervation of the skin
• Sensory and motor innervation of deep structures
• Common nerve root syndromes

MANUAL THERAPY ASSESSMENT

• The Maitland’s and Mulligan concept
• Subjective examination
• Physical examination
• Examination of the temporomandibular joint, upper cervical spine, cervicothoracic spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine

THE SUBJECTIVE EXAMINATION STEP BY STE

• Introduction
• Body chart
• Behavior of symptoms
• Special questions
• History ( History of the present condition (HPC), Past medical history (PM H), Social and family history (SH, FH)
• Plan of the physical examination
• Case scenarios

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION STEP BY STEP

• Observation
• Tests ( Joint tests, Muscle tests, Neurological tests, Special tests )
• Functional ability
• Palpation
• Accessory movements
• Completion of the physical examination

SPINAL MOBILIZATIONSTHE CERVICAL AND UPPER THORACIC SPINES

• NAGS
• REVERSE NAGS
• SNAGS
• SELF SNAGS
• Spinal Mobilization with arm Movement
• Other mobilization with movement techniques (MWMS) for the Cervical and Upper Thoracic Spines

THE UPPER CERVICAL SPINE SPECIAL TECHNIQUES

• The acute Wry Neck
• Headaches, Vertigo, Nausea and other vertebral artery Signs

THE LUMBAR SPINE

• SNAG
• SELF SNAGS

THE SACROILIAC JOINTS ( S/I) JOINTS

THE THORACIC SPINE and THE RIB CAGE

INTEGRATIVE MANUAL THERAPY

• Postural Compensations of the spine
• Muscle Energy and 'Beyond' Technique for the spine
• Treatment of spine Hypertonicity for Synergic Pattern
• Release with Strain and Counter strain Technique
• Myofascial Release
• Tendon Release Therapy for Treatment of Tendon Tissue Tension with Advanced Strain and Counter strain Technique
• Ligaments: a Tensile Force Guidance System: Treatment with Ligament Fiber Therapy
• Procedures and Protocols to correct spinal Dysfunction with Integrative Manual Therapy

PRACTICAL/ CLINICAL TRAINING:

In the laboratory sessions, Supervised evaluation and manual therapy treatment techniques will be demonstrated and practiced, including joint and soft-tissue mobilization, manipulations, and posture and movement retraining in the physiotherapy clinic/Ward and Orthopaedic clinic/Ward, Indoor as well as outdoor. Various reflective case studies related to manual therapy of the spine and TM joint will be assigned to the students.

Recommended Text Books:

1. Manual Mobilization of the Joints The Kaltenborn Method ofJoint Examination and Treatment Volume I The ExtremitiesBy: Freddy M. Kaltenbomin collaboration withOlaf Evjenth,TraudiBaldaufKaltenbom,Dennis Morgan, and Eileen Vollowitz,OPTPMinneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
2. Manual Therapy By: Ola Grimsby, the Ola Grimsby institute San Diego.Integrative Manual therapy for the upper and lower extremities By: Sharon weiselfish, North Atlantic books Berkeley, California.
3. Orthopedic manual therapy an evidence-based approach by: Chad Cook Orthopaedic Manual Therapy Diagnosis Spine and Temporomandibular Joints By: Aad van der

INTEGUMENTARY PHYSICAL THERAP

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course includes a study of anatomy and physiology of the Integumentary system and pathological changes of the system and function, including diagnostic tests and measurements. The use of evidence-based physical therapy intervention for Integumentary conditions is emphasized. Topics will focus on comparing contemporary and traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in this area. Topics will focus on medical terminology, clinical examination, evaluation, comparing contemporary, traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in this area.MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY REGARDING INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

• Quality of Life and Ethical Issues
• Regulation and wound Care
• Skin, an Essential Organ
• Acute and Chronic Wound Healing
• Wound assessment
• Wound Bioburden
• Wound Debridement
• Wound Treatment Options
• Nutrition and wound care
• Seating, Positioning and support surfaces
• Pain Management and wounds

WOUND CLASSIFICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

• Pressure Ulcers, Vascular Ulcers, Diabetic Foot Ulcers, Sickle Cell Ulcers
• Wounds in special Populations
• Complex wounds
• Atypical Wounds
• Wound Care; where we were, where we are, and where we are going

BURNS

• Skin and appendage
• Classification of burns
• Types of burns
• Criteria of care in burn center
• Physical therapy in different phases of burns

CASE HISTORIES

• Principles of assessment and outcome measures
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based integumentary Physical Therapy Treatment protocols

Recommended Text Book:

1. Wound Care Essentials, practice principles, By Sharon Baranoski& Elizabeth A. Ayello
2. APTA Guide to Physical Therapy Practice: Revised second edition..Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association; 2003. ISBN: 978- 1-887759-85-

OBSTETRICS& GYNECOLOGICAL PHYSICAL THERAPYCREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course intends to provide Introduction to physical therapy practice for evaluation and treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction and an Introduction to physical therapy practice for evaluation and treatment of problems related to pregnancy, osteoporosis, and other disorders specific to women. Topics will focus on medical terminology, clinical examination, evaluation, comparing contemporary, traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in this area.

DETAILED COURSE OUT LINE

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY REGARDING GYNECOLOGY, OBSTETRICS AND WOMEN’S HEALTH

• Anatomy
• Physiology of pregnanc
• Physical and physiological changes of labor and the puerperium
• The antenatal period
• Relieving the discomforts of pregnancy
• Preparation of labor
• Postnatal period
• The climacteric
• Common gynecological conditions
• Gynecological surgery
• Urinary function and dysfunction
• Bowel and anorectal function and dysfunction

ONCOLOGICAL ISSUE WITH WOMEN’S HEALTH

• Management of breast cancer
• Management of lymph odema

SPECIAL TOPIC IN WOMEN’S HEALTH

• Female athletes
• Exercise issues and aging
• Aquatic therapy services in women health
• Physical therapy management for women with long term physical disabilities

CASE HISTORIES

• Principles of assessment and outcome measures
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based obstetrics and gynecological Physical Therapy Treatment protocols

Recommended Text Books

1. Physiotherapy in Obstetrics and Gynecology By: Jill Mantle, Jeanette Haslam, Sue Barton, 2nd edition.
2. Textbook of Physiotherapy for Obstetric and Gynecological Conditions (Paperback) By (author) G.B. Madhur

PEDIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course addresses both the medical and rehabilitation management of the pediatric patient. Foundation lectures on normal development and psychological issues provide the students with a model to use when learning about pediatric pathologies, assessments and interventions. This course also involves the examination and treatment of the pediatric population using an interdisciplinary approach. The etiology and clinical features of common diseases/ disorders observed in the pediatric population will be emphasized. Lab: Methods for examination, goal setting, and intervention are emphasized. Students will participate in interdisciplinary case studies and an interdisciplinary evaluation project. Topics will focus on medical terminology, clinical examination, evaluation, comparing contemporary, traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in this area.DETAILED COURSE OUT LINEMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY REGARDING PEDIATRICS

• History and Examination / Pediatric Examination
• Assessment and outcome measurement
• Theories of Development
• Medical Care of Children with Disabilities
• Psychological Assessment in Pediatric Rehabilitation
• Approaches to working with children
• Normal Developmental Milestones
• Language Development in Disorders of Communication and Oral Motor Function
• Adaptive Sports and Recreation
• Orthotic and Assistive Devices
• Electrodiagnosis in Pediatrics
• Motor Learning& Principles of Motor Learning
• The Child Parents and Physiotherapist
• Aging With Pediatric Onset Disability and Diseases
• The Assessment of Human Gait, Motion, and Motor Function
• Psychosocial Aspects of Pediatric Rehabilitation
• Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Therapy
• Disorders of Respiratory System
• Cystic Fibrosis Duchene Muscular
• Hemophilia
• Lower Limb Deformities
• Orthopedics and Musculoskeletal Conditions
• TalipesEquino Varus
• Torticolis
• Pediatric Limb Deficiencies
• Neuromuscular Diseases
• Myopathies
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Cerebral Palsy
• Spinal Cord Injuries
• Spina Bifida
• Oncology and palliative care

CASE HISTORIES

• Principles of assessment and outcome measures
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based pediatric Physical Therapy Treatment protocols

Recommended Text Books:

1. Physical Therapy for Children By, Suzann K. Campbell, Robert J. Palisano&Darl W. Vander Linden.
2. Paediatric Rehabilitation Principles and practice (Fourth Edition) By, Michael A Alexander & Dennis j. Matthews.
3. Additional reading material as assigned.

GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION:

The course covers normal aging process, physiological and psychological changes and their effects on daily living activities (ADL) and instrumental daily living activities (IADL).Relevant testes and measures for determining impairment and differentiating the diagnosis based on the specificity and sensitivity of the assessment instruments as related to patients with geriatric conditions are discussed. The use of evidence-based physical therapy intervention for geriatric conditions is emphasized. Topics will focus on comparing contemporary and traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in this area. Topics will focus on medical terminology, clinical examination, evaluation, comparing contemporary, traditional interventions and the impact of evolving technology in this area.DETAILED COURSE OUT LINE

GERONTOLOGY

• Introduction to Gerontology
• Demographic Trends of an Aging Society
• Social Gerontology
• The Physiology and Pathology of Aging
• The Cognitive and Psychological Changes Associated with Aging
• Functional Performance in Later Life: Basic Sensory, Perceptual, and Physical Changes Associated with Aging
• Geriatric Pharmacotherapy
• Sexuality and Aging
• Living Options and the Continuum of Care
• Legal and Financial Issues Related to Health Care for Older People
• Health Care Providers Working With Older Adults
• Future Concerns in an Aging Society
• Health Literacy and Clear Health Communication

GERIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY

DETAILED COURSE OUTLINE

MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY REGARDING GERIATRICS ATTITUDES AND AGEISM

• Ageism
• Myths and Facts about Older Adults
• Age Bias in Healthcare
• Geriatric Training and Role of Physical Therapist

NORMAL PHYSICAL CHANGES IN OLDER ADULTS

• Breathing — the Respiratory System
• Beating — the Cardiovascular System
• Thinking and Reacting — the Nervous System
• Moving — the Musculoskeletal System
• Eating & Eliminating — the Gastrointestinal and Urinary Systems
• Metabolizing — the Endocrine System
• Responding — the Sensory System
• Sleeping and Other Physical Changes

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES:

• The 3 Ds and Suicide in Older Adults, Delirium, Dementia, Depression

OLDER ADULT ABUSE AND NEGLECT:

• Scope of Older Adult Abuse and Neglect
• Clues to Abuse and Interventions

TRIAGE AND ASSESSMENT:

• ABCs of Geriatric Assessment
• Assessment Techniques and Atypical Presentations

PAIN

• Pain in Older Adults
• Pain Assessment and Challenges
• Impact of Physiological Changes
• Medication and Pain Management
• Medication Interactions
• Medication and Food

EFFECTS OF AGE:

• Task Complexity, Exercise, Ambulation.

PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR GERIATRICS IN VARIOUS NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS:

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Cerobrovascular accident (C.V.A)
• Poly neuropathies etc.

PRE-OPERATIVE AND POST OPERATIVE PHYSICAL THERAPY FOR GERIATRICS IN VARIOUS MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS:

• Hip & Knee Joint replacements
• Soft tissue injuries.

BALANCE AND FALL IN ELDERLY: ISSUES IN EVALUATION AND TREATMENT

• Introduction
• Defining the problem of falls, risk factors, aging theory concept pertinent to falls in the elderly
• Multi faceted approach to the falls problem
• Postural control theory, physiology of balance, Summary influence of age on postural control, relationship between postural control and falls, A model, examination and evaluation, history, biological assessment, sensory effectors, strength, ROM, endurance, central processing, functional assessment, environmental assessment, psychosocial assessment, intervention

MEDICATIONS

NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES:

• Primary nutritionalproblems, limited fixed incomes, severely limited food choices and availability.
• Case Histories: Principles of assessment and outcome measures
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based geriatric Physical Therapy Treatment protocols

Recommended Text Books:

1. Geriatric Physical Therapyby Andrew A. Guccion
2. Fundamentals of Geriatric Medicine
3. Gerontology for health care professional by regula H robbnet/ walter
4. Handbook of gerontology by James A Blackburn and Catherine N Dulmu

SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY

CREDIT HOURS 2(2-0)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The main focus of this course is related to the understanding of the role that physical therapists play in both the industrial continuum and sports physical therapy. Emphasis is placed on acute management of traumatic injuries and/or sudden illness. In addition, injury prevention with an emphasis on the advanced clinical competencies related to the practice of sports physical therapy will also be covered. DETAILED COURSE OUT LINEMEDICAL TERMINOLOGY RELATED TO SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY

• Introduction to sport injury management

INJURY SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE

• Injury prevention and screening
• Assessment and needs analysis

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES

• Pathophysiology of ( skeletal muscle injuries,tendon injuries, ligament injuries,skeletal injuries )
• Peripheral nerve injuries

EFFECTIVE CLINICAL DECISION MAKING

• An introduction to periodization
• Management of acute sport injury
• Musculoskeletal assessment
• Progressive systematic functional rehabilitation
• Strength and conditioning
• Nutritional considerations for performance and rehabilitation Psychology and sports rehabilitation
• Clinical reasoning

JOINT SPECIFIC SPORT INJURIES AND PATHOLOGIES

• Upper Limb: Shoulder injuries in sport, The elbow, Wrist and hand injuries in sport
• Lower Limb: The groin in sport, The knee, Ankle complex injuries in sport, The foot in sport

TRAVELING WITH A TEAMDRUGS AND THE ATHLETEETHICS AND SPORTS MEDICINECASE HISTORIES

• Principles of assessment and outcome measures
• Documentation in SOAP notes format
• Evidence based sports Physical Therapy Treatment protocols

Recommended Text Books:

1. Sports Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention by:Paul Comfort &Earle Abrahamson, 1st Edition, 2010,Wiley Blackwell Publishers
2. Clinical Sports Medicine by: Brukner& Khan, 4ed, McGraw-Hill Publishers
3. A guide to sports and injury management by: Mike Bundy & Andy Leaver, 1st edition, 2010, Churchill Livingstone.